Energy‐speed relationship of walking: Standard tables

Waters, Robert L.; Lunsford, Brenda Rae; Perry, Jacquelin; Byrd, Richard H.

doi:10.1002/jor.1100060208

Cited by 312 publications

(223 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…28 Consequently, there is a decrease in the length of time that an activity can be sustained due to the restricted availability of anaerobic energy supply and the accumulation of lactate. 27 When prolonged exercise is performed at 550% of an individual's maximal aerobic capacity, such as walking, the aerobic metabolic pathways are su cient to meet the energy demands of the muscle and the individual can sustain activity for a prolonged time period without exhaustion. 27 It can therefore be speculated that the aerobic system was activated during the walking trial and the healthy subjects were walking at 550% of their maximal aerobic capacity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…27 When prolonged exercise is performed at 550% of an individual's maximal aerobic capacity, such as walking, the aerobic metabolic pathways are su cient to meet the energy demands of the muscle and the individual can sustain activity for a prolonged time period without exhaustion. 27 It can therefore be speculated that the aerobic system was activated during the walking trial and the healthy subjects were walking at 550% of their maximal aerobic capacity. However, it seems that the incomplete SCI patient's anaerobic pathways were used to accomplish the 3 min walking task.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Functional community ambulation requirements in incomplete spinal cord injured subjects

et al. 2001

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Study design: A group of people with incomplete spinal cord injuries (SCI) were evaluated and compared with able-bodied individuals during several walking conditions. Objectives: To evaluate the functional community ambulation and estimated energy expenditure in persons with incomplete SCI and able-bodied individuals. Methods: A list of criteria was used to evaluate functional community ambulation among participants. Physiological variables, such as the heart rate, oxygen uptake and the lactate concentration, were also measured. Results: Three of nine incomplete SCI subjects and all able-bodied subjects were able to meet all the criteria measured. The required velocity to safely cross an intersection was the criterion that the incomplete SCI group had the most di culty reaching. The able-bodied subjects had a comfortable walking velocity twice that of the incomplete SCI subjects' preferred velocity. When walking at the same velocity (incomplete SCI subjects' preferred velocity), the incomplete SCI subjects had a rate of oxygen uptake 26% greater than the healthy subjects and were 200% less e cient. The lactate concentration also proved to be a useful tool when evaluating the incomplete SCI subjects' walking e ciency. The incomplete SCI subjects lactate concentration increased after walking at their preferred velocity, meaning that the anaerobic pathways were used to meet energy demands. Conclusion: Rehabilitation centers should adapt their evaluation forms and increase their criteria requirements to more suitable criteria that are found in the SCI patient's community. The physiological cost should also be taken into consideration when evaluating the SCI patient's functional ambulation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional community ambulation requirements in incomplete spinal cord injured subjects

et al. 2001

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“…18 As 94% of children who use active transportation to get to school do so by walking, 5,19 the calculations were done for walking. The normal walking pace for 6-12 year olds is 4.18 km/hour, 20 which is equivalent to 3.6 METS (metabolic equivalent of task). 21 The calculations assumed that the average child would walk 0.5 miles to and 0.5 miles home from school, which equates to 23.0 minutes on days they attend school.…”

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confidence: 99%

Active play: An important physical activity strategy in the fight against childhood obesity

Janssen

2014

Can J Public Health

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OBJECTIVES:To quantify and compare the number of calories that school-aged Canadian children expend to meet established benchmarks for active play and organized physical activities (i.e., organized sport, physical education, active transportation). METHODS:This study was informed by the benchmarks (i.e., amount of activity a child needs to be sufficiently active) and grades (i.e., how Canada as a country is doing) for the physical activity domains included in the Active Healthy Kids Canada Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth. Established physical activity energy expenditure data were used to calculate the number of calories that the average 6-11 year old child would expend to meet the Report Card physical activity benchmarks. The increase in energy expenditure at the population-level that would occur if each Report Card grade was to improve by one letter grade was estimated based on the aforementioned estimates and the proportion of the population impacted should the grade improve. RESULTS:When averaged across all 365 days of the year, the average 6-11 year old Canadian would expend an added 186 kcal/day to meet the active play benchmark, 23 kcal/day to meet the organized sport benchmark, 6 kcal/day to meet the physical education benchmark, and 16 kcal/day to meet the active transportation to school benchmark. Increasing the Report Card grades for these four domains would address 37%, 1%, 1%, and 3% of the energy gap, respectively. CONCLUSION:Initiatives aimed at increasing physical activity in an attempt to address childhood obesity should include an active play component. KEY WORDS:Child; play and playthings; motor activity La traduction du résumé se trouve à la fin de l'article.

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“…23 In aerobic activity, the aerobic metabolic pathways are sufficient to meet the energy demands of the muscles and the participant can sustain the activity for a prolonged time period without exhaustion. 24 When exercise is performed at higher work rates, anaerobic pathways are increasingly used to meet energy demands, decreasing the length of time that activity can be sustained. These anaerobic processes go together with the accumulation of lactate.…”

Section: Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The buffering of the lactate adds extra carbon dioxide to the expired air and the RER will exceed 1.0. 24 Energy expenditure. The energy expenditure (in J/s) was determined by the following formula: V O 2 (L/s)ϫ(16,040ϩ RERϫ4940).…”

Section: Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Walking With a Rollator and the Level of Physical Intensity in Adults 75 Years of Age or Older

Eggermont

Heuvelen

Keeken

et al. 2006

Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

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ABSTRACT. Eggermont LH, van Heuvelen MJ, van Keeken BL, Hollander AP, Scherder EJ. Walking with a rollator and the level of physical intensity in adults 75 years of age or older. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2006;87:733-6.Objective: To determine whether walking with a rollator by persons 75 years of age or older is of sufficient intensity to improve aerobic fitness.Design: A cross-sectional cohort study. Setting: University movement laboratory. Participants: Fifteen subjects 75 years of age or older (mean age, 83.7y) who could only walk by using a rollator.Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures: During 6 minutes of self-paced treadmill walking using a rollator at a mean walking speed of 0.6m/s, oxygen uptake (V O 2 ), carbon dioxide production, and heart rate were determined. Respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and energy expenditure were calculated. The energy expenditure was expressed as the number of metabolic equivalents (METS), the percentage of estimated maximal V O 2 (V O 2 max), the percentage of estimated V O 2 max reserve, and the percentage of estimated maximal heart rate.Results T HERE IS INCREASING EVIDENCE of a positive relation between physical activity, physiologic parameters such as blood pressure, functional abilities, balance, flexibility, muscle strength, and cognitive functioning in older adults. [1][2][3][4][5][6] Cognitive functions are particularly vulnerable to aging 7 and are crucial for independent living. 8 Older adults with a decrease in physical activity caused by poor cardiorespiratory condition have experienced greater cognitive decline over a period of 6 years compared with older adults showing high cardiorespiratory fitness. 9 In healthy, sedentary older subjects, aerobic activities resulted in a significant improvement in the maximal oxygen uptake (V O 2 max) and to benefit executive functions such as inhibition and planning. 10 These studies, however, involved high-intensity physical activity such as running. 10 This type of physical activity is usually not appropriate for people of advanced age. 11 It is known that physical fitness (eg, muscle strength, balance) decreases with age. 12 Consequently, many of the oldest old (age Ͼ75y) can only stay mobile by the use of a walking aid 13 and are unable to run. In 1 study, 14 more than half of the 599 subjects aged 75 or over who were surveyed owned 1 or more walking devices. In sum, for frail older people, walking with a device like a rollator is a much more appropriate activity than activities such as running.In view of the effects of aerobic activity on for instance executive functions, it is important to know the exact amount of energy expended when walking with a rollator and does this constitute adequate aerobic activity. This has not been examined before. According to the guidelines of the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), 15 activities with an intensity of 55% to 65% of maximal heart rate or 40% to 50% of V O 2 max reserve (V O 2 max minus resting V O 2 ) are appropriate to increase or maintain cardiorespirato...

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Energy‐speed relationship of walking: Standard tables

Cited by 312 publications

References 12 publications

Functional community ambulation requirements in incomplete spinal cord injured subjects

Functional community ambulation requirements in incomplete spinal cord injured subjects

Active play: An important physical activity strategy in the fight against childhood obesity

Walking With a Rollator and the Level of Physical Intensity in Adults 75 Years of Age or Older

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