Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction by Adding Water Containing Iso-Butanol and Iso-Propyl Alcohol in a Diesel Engine

Abstract

In this study, two diesel blends with different iso-butanol and isopropyl alcohol ratios, 5% iso-propanol with 15% isobutanol and 1% iso-propanol and 19% iso-butanol, were used and compared against the performance of petroleum diesel as a base fuel. Additionally, water addition strategy was included for further comparison. Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) increased with increasing ratios of iso-butanol and water fractions, since the heating value decreased resulting in more fuel being combusted to maintain the same power output. On the other hand, brake thermal efficiency (BTE) increased with increasing water content. Specifically, P5B15W1 had a higher BTE than regular diesel at low engine loads (12 kW and 25 kW-LS). Compared to the regular diesel, the results show that in-cylinder pressures slightly increased while HRR had longer ignition delay with higher iso-butanol and water content. For the two different ratios of blended diesel, P1B19 registered NO x emission reductions factors by about 12-35% compared regular diesel due to its low heating value and combustion temperature, while those for P5B15 were reduced 8-33% in comparison to regular diesel. For CO and PM emission factors, P5B15 had better performance than P1B19 which showed 13-37% and 37-50% lower than regular diesel, respectively. However, HC emission factors were all greater than those of regular diesel with the highest increase being from P1B19. This diesel blend, P1B19 showed 6-30% and 3-10% higher HC emission factors than regular diesel and P5B15, respectively. For water containing blends, NO x emission factors decreased with an increase in water content. The trends for CO and PM emission factors were similar to those of non-water containing diesel blends. P5B15W1 had largest decrease which showed 5-17% and 7-26% lower CO and PM than regular diesel, respectively. Notably, the CO and PM emission factors are all higher than non-water contain blended diesel. As for HC, P5B15W1 had an increase of about 26-51%. Moreover, the total-PAHs emission factors between two different ratios of blended diesel were compared whereby P5B15 had 12-22% lower than P1B19. Besides, total-BaPeq emission factors are similar to totalPAHs emission, which P5B15 had largest reduction by 28-44%. In summary, P5B15 would be a best choice in terms of PM reduction, while the best choice for NOx control would be P1B19W0.5 blend. Ultimately, further economic feasibility studies are recommended for an overall performance evaluation.

Emissions of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Particle-Bound Metals from a Diesel Engine Generator Fueled with Waste Cooking Oil-Based Biodiesel Blends

“…This phenomenon was also likely associated with more complete combustion provided by fuel oxygen in W20 and W40, and the fair viscosity of W20 to the fuel injection system. The above findings are supported by some researches (Chang et al, 2014;Mwangi et al, 2015a;Tsai et al, 2015aTsai et al, , 2016. The emissions of total-PAHs and totalBaP eq were higher at the higher load (3.0 kW) than the lower one (1.5 kW) by using all fuel blends, because the PAH contents in fuels were positively correlated with the FCR and BSFC.…”

“…Notably, the reductions in BTE when replacing D100 with W40 were smaller than the increases in BSFC, revealing that the oxygen and non-aromatic compounds in WCO-based biodiesel blends partially balance the lower heating value of biodiesel blends. Some previous studies even indicate that the oxygenated additives in diesel could improve the thermal efficiency of engines and reduce the BSFC (Yoshimoto et al, 1999;Lin et al, 2006;Lin et al, 2010;Mwangi et al, 2015a;Tsai et al, 2015a). However, the higher viscosity was the second drawback of WCO-based biofuel for energy performance, since the more viscos fuel pray would lower the break down and vaporization processes before the combustion and eventually leaded to more incompletely combustion and consume fore fuels.…”

“…The above results show significant PM emission reductions of 19% and 6.5% at 1.5 kW, and 27% and 19% at 3.0 kW, using W20 and W40, respectively. These emission improvements could result from the higher fuel-oxygen content for WCO-based biodiesel (11.8%) compared to D100 (< 0.2%), leading to more complete combustion (Lin et al, 2006;Lin et al, 2010;Chang et al, 2014;Tsai et al, 2015aTsai et al, , 2016. The nano particle emission concentration and their total area were also reported to be reduced by oxygenated fuel additives (Saxena and Maurya, 2016).…”

Effects of torrefaction and water washing on the properties and combustion reactivity of various wastes

“…Due to the assistance of oxygen, the combustion of fir would be more completed, thereby reducing air pollution. 32,33 3.2 | Water washing…”

Effects of Selective Catalytic Reduction on the Emissions of Persistent Organic Pollutants from a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine

“…However, there are still no regulations on POP emissions from mobile sources (Cheruiyot et al, 2016). Several studies have studied ways to reduce these POP emissions e.g., by testing biofuels and biofuels-diesel blends and water containing alcohol blends with positive results in terms of POP emission reduction (Mwangi et al, 2015a, b;Tsai et al, 2015Tsai et al, , 2016. Laroo et al (2011) studied the PCDD/F and PCB emissions under steady state and found the emission factors of CuZ-SCR HT, CuZ-SCR LT (A 20 Hp difference in power between HT and LT), and FeZ-SCR to be 1.6 pg I-TEQ L , and 2.78 pg I-TEQ L -1 and 0.04 pg WHO-TEQ L -1 , respectively.…”