Energy recovery from the water cycle: Thermal energy from drinking water

Hoek, Jan Peter van der; Mol, Stefan; Giorgi, Sara; Ahmad, Jawairia Imtiaz; Liu, Gang; Medema, Gertjan

doi:10.1016/j.energy.2018.08.097

Cited by 25 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…With respect to surface water, energy recovery has already been successfully applied in practice. In the Netherlands, the water from lake "Ouderkerkerplas" is used for office building cooling, and a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions of nearly 20 kton carbon dioxide (CO 2 )-equivalent/a can be achieved (van der Hoek et al, 2018). In many European countries, groundwater plays a role in the underground thermal energy storage systems and is widely used at full scale (Sanner et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the urban water cycle, heat recovery from wastewater via heat exchangers has been intensively studied (Elias Maxil, 2015;Elías-Maxil et al, 2014), and shower water has also been applied for heat recovery from wastewater in a pilot study (Deng et al, 2016). Recently, the concept of thermal energy recovery from drinking water has been proposed, and researchers have proven its possibility (Bloemendal et al, 2015) and explored the potential technologies in practical use (De Pasquale et al, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109655 Received 23 March 2020; Received in revised form 9 April 2020; Accepted 8 May 2020 2017; Guo and Hendel, 2018;van der Hoek et al, 2018). However, its application still has a long way to go due to several risk concerns (Hofman and van der Wielen, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermal energy recovery from chlorinated drinking water distribution systems: Effect on chlorine and microbial water and biofilm characteristics

Zhou

Ahmad

Hoek

et al. 2020

Environmental Research

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Thermal energy recovery from drinking water has a high potential in the application of sustainable building and industrial cooling. However, drinking water and biofilm microbial qualities should be concerned because the elevated water temperature after cold recovery may influence the microbial activities in water and biofilm phases in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs). In this study, the effect of cold recovery on microbial qualities was investigated in a chlorinated DWDS. The chlorine decay was slight (1.1%-15.5%) due to a short contact time (~60 s) and was not affected by the cold recovery (p > 0.05). The concentrations of cellular ATP and intact cell numbers in the bulk water were partially inactivated by the residual chlorine, with the removal rates of 10.1%-16.2% and 22.4%-29.4%, respectively. The chlorine inactivation was probably promoted by heat exchangers but was not further enhanced by higher temperatures. The higher water temperature (25°C) enhanced the growth of biofilm biomass on pipelines. Principle coordination analysis (PCoA) showed that the biofilms on the stainless steel plates of HEs and the plastic pipe inner surfaces had totally different community compositions. Elevated temperatures favored the growth of Pseudomonas spp. and Legionella spp. in the biofilm after cold recovery. The community functional predictions revealed more abundances of five human diseases (e.g. Staphylococcis aureus infection) and beta-lactam resistance pathways in the biofilms at higher temperature. Compared with a previous study with a non-chlorinated DWDS, chlorine dramatically reduced the biofilm biomass growth but raised the relative abundances of the chlorine-resistant genera (i.e. Pseudomonas and Sphingomonas) in bacterial communities.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal energy recovery from chlorinated drinking water distribution systems: Effect on chlorine and microbial water and biofilm characteristics

Zhou

Ahmad

Hoek

et al. 2020

Environmental Research

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“…In the European Union, the use of central and room air conditioning units for space cooling has increased by 50 times from the 90 s till 2010 [14]. In Amsterdam (the Netherlands), the energy required for space cooling of non-residential spaces amounts to 2162 TJ/y [15,16]. Providing this energy with traditional cooling methods (i.e., mechanical cooling or cooling towers) requires a huge amount of electricity and water and results in a high carbon footprint [17][18][19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maximizing Thermal Energy Recovery from Drinking Water for Cooling Purpose

Ahmad

Giorgi²,

Zlatanović

et al. 2021

Energies

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Drinking water distribution networks (DWDNs) have a huge potential for cold thermal energy recovery (TED). TED can provide cooling for buildings and spaces with high cooling requirements as an alternative for traditional cooling, reduce usage of electricity or fossil fuel, and thus TED helps reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. There is no research on the environmental assessment of TED systems, and no standards are available for the maximum temperature limit (Tmax) after recovery of cold. During cold recovery, the water temperature increases, and water at the customer’s tap may be warmer as a result. Previous research showed that increasing Tmax up to 30 °C is safe in terms of microbiological risks. The present research was carried out to determine what raising Tmax would entail in terms of energy savings, GHG emission reduction and water temperature dynamics during transport. For this purpose, a full-scale TED system in Amsterdam was used as a benchmark, where Tmax is currently set at 15 °C. Tmax was theoretically set at 20, 25 and 30 °C to calculate energy savings and CO2 emission reduction and for water temperature modeling during transport after cold recovery. Results showed that by raising Tmax from the current 15 °C to 20, 25 and 30 °C, the retrievable cooling energy and GHG emission reduction could be increased by 250, 425 and 600%, respectively. The drinking water temperature model predicted that within a distance of 4 km after TED, water temperature resembles that of the surrounding subsurface soil. Hence, a higher Tmax will substantially increase the TED potential of DWDN while keeping the same comfort level at the customer’s tap.

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“…Cold recovery case studies have also been carried out in Amsterdam drinking water network by van der Hoek et al. [8] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental characterization of a novel soft polymer heat exchanger for wastewater heat recovery

Lyu

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2020

International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer

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Highlights We report a novel soft polymer heat exchanger destinated for heat recovery from wastewater sewers. Experimental characterization shows promising performance under lab condition. Thermal performance of the polymer heat exchanger attains at least 67% of equivalent metal ones. Oscillation movement of the heat exchanger improves performance by 30%.

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Energy recovery from the water cycle: Thermal energy from drinking water

Cited by 25 publications

References 31 publications

Thermal energy recovery from chlorinated drinking water distribution systems: Effect on chlorine and microbial water and biofilm characteristics

Thermal energy recovery from chlorinated drinking water distribution systems: Effect on chlorine and microbial water and biofilm characteristics

Maximizing Thermal Energy Recovery from Drinking Water for Cooling Purpose

Experimental characterization of a novel soft polymer heat exchanger for wastewater heat recovery

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