Energy, Protein, and Seasonal Influences on White-Tailed Deer Fawn Nutritional Indices

Warren, Robert J.; Kirkpatrick, Roy L.; Oelschlaeger, Anne; Scanlon, Patrick F.; Webb, K. E.; Whelan, James B.

doi:10.2307/3808641

Cited by 45 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Mean SUN concentrations were similar in neonates that survived various spans of time up to 5 months postpartum in north central (19.3 6 0.8 mg/dL) and northeastern (19.6 6 6.2 mg/dL) Minnesota (Table 3; Kunkel and Mech 1994). An acutely elevated mean SUN (26.1 6 2.6 mg/dL) in fawns of smaller body mass (x ¼ 2.3 kg) that died within 1 week in our study was indicative of inadequate nursing bouts leading to submaintenance digestible energy intake and accelerated muscle catabolism, whereas Kunkel and Mech (1994) reported reduced SUN (8.8 6 2.4 mg/dL) indicative of depressed protein intake in fawns dying with 5 months of birth (Kirkpatrick et al 1975, Warren et al 1982, DelGiudice et al 1994, Kunkel and Mech 1994. Mortality rates of 0.70 and 0.10 have been associated with fawns born in upper Michigan weighing an average 2.3 and 3.2 kg, respectively, with winter severity being a driving force behind low birth-masses (Verme and Ullrey 1984).…”

Section: Age and Characteristics A Of Neonatesmentioning

confidence: 52%

Survival, Birth Characteristics, and Cause‐Specific Mortality of White‐Tailed Deer Neonates

et al. 2009

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Understanding survival of and factors that may predispose newborn deer (Odocoileus spp.) to mortality contribute to improved understanding of population dynamics. We captured free‐ranging white‐tailed deer neonates (n = 66) of radiocollared females that survived severe (Winter Severity Index [WSI] = 153) and mild (WSI = 45) winters 2000–2001 and 2001–2002. Mean dates of birth (26 May ± 1.7 [SE] days and 26 May ± 1.3 days) and estimated birth‐masses of 2.8 ± 0.1 kg and 3.0 ± 0.1 kg were similar between springs 2001 (n = 31) and 2002 (n = 35), respectively. Neonate survival was similar between years; pooled mortality rates of neonates were 0.14, 0.11, and 0.20 at 0–1 weeks, 2–4 weeks, and 5–12 weeks of age, respectively, and overall survival rate for neonates to 12 weeks of age was 0.47. Predation accounted for 86% of mortality; the remaining 14% of deaths were attributed to unknown causes. Black bears (Ursus americanus) were responsible for 57% and 38% of predation of neonates in springs 2001 and 2002, respectively, whereas bobcats (Felis rufus) accounted for 50% in 2002. Wolves (Canis lupus) accounted for only 5% of predator‐related deaths. Low birth‐mass, smaller body size, and elevated concentrations of serum urea nitrogen (26.1 ± 2.6 mg/dL vs 19.3 ± 0.8 mg/dL) and tumor necrosis factor‐α (82.6 ± 78.6 pg/mL vs. 2.3 ± 0.5 pg/mL) were associated with neonates that died within 1 week of birth. Even though we did not detect a direct relation between winter severity and birth or blood characteristics of neonates, evidence suggests that birth‐mass and key serum indices of neonate nutrition were associated with their early mortality. Thus, managers can make more informed predictions regarding survival and cause‐specific mortality of fawns and adjust management strategies to better control deer population goals.

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Section: Age and Characteristics A Of Neonatesmentioning

confidence: 52%

Survival, Birth Characteristics, and Cause‐Specific Mortality of White‐Tailed Deer Neonates

et al. 2009

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“…Similarly, in fasted badgers, proportional changes in base-line 24-h urinary urea nitrogen, sodium, and potassium excretion were greater than such changes in urinary creatinine excretion (Harlow and Seal 198 1). Greater dietary protein intake has also had an elevating effect on urea nitrogen:creatinine ratios in single random urine samples from deer as well (Warren et al , 1982DelGiudice et al 1989DelGiudice et al , 1990.…”

Section: ( a )mentioning

confidence: 95%

Twenty-four-hour urinary creatinine and urea nitrogen excretion in male white-tailed deer

DelGiudice¹,

Asleson²,

Hellgren³

et al. 1995

Can. J. Zool.

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During 5-d trials in spring and summer we investigated the constancy of creatinine and urea nitrogen excretion and the urea nitrogen:creatinine ratio in 24-h urine samples from 12 male white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and the relationship of these metabolites with body mass and dietary nitrogen intake. During both trials, 24-h urinary creatinine excretion remained stable (CV of 13.5 and 18.5% for the spring and summer trials, respectively), and there was no difference between deer fed a high-protein diet and those fed a low-protein diet. However, urinary urea nitrogen excretion and urea nitr0gen:creatinine ratios were significantly lower in the latter group. Mean daily creatinine coefficients (0.22-0.27 mmol excretedlkg body mass) were comparable to those in other mammalian species. During both trials, urinary creatinine excretion was significantly related to body mass but not to dietary nitrogen intake. Urea nitrogen excretion and urea nitr0gen:creatinine ratios were significantly related to mass-specific nitrogen intake, but not to body mass or 24-h urinary creatinine excretion. Using 24-h urinary creatinine excretion, mean muscle mass of our deer was estimated to be 58 and 57% of whole body mass in the spring and summer trials, respectively.

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“…Seasonal variations in blood levels of total proteins, albumin and globulins were also described in several species of mammals. Authors have suggested that such variations could be due to seasonal differences in the percentage of crude proteins in the ingested food (LeResche et al, 1974;Brown et al, 1978;Warren et al, 1982). Further, they have also suggested that such parameters were not good indicators of the nutritional status.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Knick et al (1993) studying the hematology and blood chemistry of bobcats, Felis rufus, observed variations in cholesterol levels between animals captured in spring and autumn. Several authors have suggested that seasonal variations in the blood parameters could be related to the seasonal changes in the food composition and availability (Brown et al, 1978;Warren et al, 1982;Colares et al, 1992;Hellgren et al, 1993;Schweigert, 1993). The Amazonian manatee, Trichechus inunguis, is endemic to the basin of the Amazon River.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal variations in blood parameters of the Amazonian manatee, Trichechus inunguis

Colares

Bianchini

et al. 2000

Braz. arch. biol. technol.

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Energy, Protein, and Seasonal Influences on White-Tailed Deer Fawn Nutritional Indices

Cited by 45 publications

References 32 publications

Survival, Birth Characteristics, and Cause‐Specific Mortality of White‐Tailed Deer Neonates

Survival, Birth Characteristics, and Cause‐Specific Mortality of White‐Tailed Deer Neonates

Twenty-four-hour urinary creatinine and urea nitrogen excretion in male white-tailed deer

Seasonal variations in blood parameters of the Amazonian manatee, Trichechus inunguis

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