Energy metabolism in young pigs as affected by mixing.

Heetkamp, M.J.W.; Schrama, J.W.; Jong, L. de; Swinkels, J.W.G.M.; Schouten, W.G.P.; Bosch, M.W.

doi:10.2527/1995.73123562x

Cited by 21 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…This response was transient, with no observed differences in duration of feeding behavior in the days following the initial postnursery commingling, except on d 65 after weaning. Similarly, other research has reported that altered or agnostic behaviors were present only during a short time after the commingling stress (McGlone et al, 1987;Heetkamp et al, 1995). We have no explanation, however, for the observations on d 65 after weaning, in which pigs weaned at 21 d of age and mixed, and pigs weaned at 14 d of age and remained unmixed spent a greater percentage of time engaged in feeding behavior.…”

Section: Behavioral Measuresmentioning

confidence: 53%

Effect of weaning age and commingling after the nursery phase of pigs in a wean-to-finish facility on growth, and humoral and behavioral indicators of well-being1,2

Davis

Sears

Apple

et al. 2006

Journal of Animal Science

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Pigs from one farrowing group in which gilts were bred to farrow pigs that would be either 14 or 21 d of age at weaning, were divided into older and younger age groups (108 pigs per group) and penned 12 pigs per pen in a wean-to-finish facility. At the end of the nursery phase, half the pigs in each age group were removed, rerandomized, and commingled for the finishing phase. The other half remained in their original pens. Pigs were fed common Phase 1 (d 0 to 14) and Phase 2 (d 14 to 35) nursery diets, and a common 4-phase program diet during growing/finishing, with transitions at 45, 68, and 90 kg of BW. The study ended when the lightest weight block averaged 107 kg. Blood was obtained on d 0, 2, 10, 27, 37, 44, and 65 after weaning to determine leukocyte concentrations. In addition, behavior was monitored during the nursery period at weaning (d 0), on d 7, 14, and 27 after weaning, and during the growing/finishing phase on d 35 (after commingling following the nursery phase), 38, 44, and 65 after weaning. Older pigs were heavier (P < 0.001) throughout the nursery period, and the BW difference between younger and older pigs increased from 2 to 6.5 kg at the start and end of the nursery period, respectively. Older pigs had a greater concentration of white blood cells (P < 0.05) and lymphocytes (P < 0.10) on d 0, 2, and 10 after weaning than younger pigs. Younger pigs spent less (P < 0.05) time resting on the day of weaning, and more (P < 0.05) time active during the overall nursery phase. During Phase 3 and in the overall finishing phase, younger pigs had greater (P < 0.01) ADG and G:F than older pigs. Moreover, during Phase 3, ADFI (as fed) decreased (P < 0.05) when older pigs were commingled compared with older pigs that were not commingled. There was no difference in ADFI of younger pigs, regardless of commingling (interaction; P < 0.10). Results of this study indicate that weaning age affects growth performance in a wean-to-finish facility, as well as behavioral and immunological responses to weaning and commingling after the nursery phase. Management strategies should be further explored to optimize these benefits without the detrimental effects on health observed during the nursery period in this study.

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Section: Behavioral Measuresmentioning

confidence: 53%

Effect of weaning age and commingling after the nursery phase of pigs in a wean-to-finish facility on growth, and humoral and behavioral indicators of well-being1,2

Davis

Sears

Apple

et al. 2006

Journal of Animal Science

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“…Activity-related HP was subsequently calculated (33). The apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients was calculated using acidinsoluble ash as indigestible marker.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying Resistant Starch Using Novel, In Vivo Methodology and the Energetic Utilization of Fermented Starch in Pigs3

Gerrits

Bosch

Borne

2012

The Journal of Nutrition

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To quantify the energy value of fermentable starch, 10 groups of 14 pigs were assigned to one of two dietary treatments comprising diets containing 45% of either pregelatinized (P) or retrograded (R) corn starch. In both diets, a contrast in natural ¹³C enrichment between the starch and nonstarch components of the diet was created to partition between enzymatic digestion and fermentation of the corn starch. Energy and protein retention were measured using indirect calorimetry after adapting the pigs to the diets for 3 wk. Fecal ¹³C enrichment was higher in the R-fed pigs (P < 0.001) and 43% of the R resisted enzymatic digestion. Energy retained as protein was unaffected and energy retained as fat was 29% lower than in P-fed pigs (P < 0.01). Prior to the morning meal, end products of fermentation substantially contributed to substrate oxidation in the R-fed pigs. During the 3-4 h following both meals, heat production was higher (P < 0.05) in P-fed pigs, but this was not preferentially fueled by glucose from corn starch. Digestible energy intake, metabolizable energy intake, and energy retention were reduced (P < 0.05) in R-fed pigs compared with P-fed pigs by 92, 54, and 33 kJ/(kg⁰·⁷⁵ · d), respectively. Therefore, the energy values of fermented resistant starch were 53, 73, and 83% of the digestible, metabolizable, and net energy values of enzymatically degradable starch, respectively. Creating a contrast in natural ¹³C enrichment between starch and nonstarch dietary components provides a promising, noninvasive, in vivo method for estimating the proportion of dietary starch fermented in the gastrointestinal tract.

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“…Total heat production (H tot ) during the last 6 day of the experimental period was calculated from the gaseous exchanges according to Brouwer's equation (1965). Estimated regression coefficients of H tot and activity counts were used to calculate the heat production related to activity (H act ) as described by Heetkamp et al (1995). The heat production not related to physical activity (H cor ) was calculated by subtracting H act from H tot .…”

Section: Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of fermentable starch and straw-enriched housing on energy partitioning of growing pigs

Bolhuis

Brand

Staals³

et al. 2008

Animal

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Both dietary fermentable carbohydrates and the availability of straw bedding potentially affect activity patterns and energy utilisation in pigs. The present study aimed to investigate the combined effects of straw bedding and fermentable carbohydrates (native potato starch) on energy partitioning in growing pigs. In a 2 3 2 factorial arrangement, 16 groups of 12 pigs (approximately 25 kg) were assigned to either barren housing or housing on straw bedding, and to native or pregelatinised potato starch included in the diet. Pigs were fed at approximately 2.5 times maintenance. Nitrogen and energy balances were measured per group during a 7-day experimental period, which was preceded by a 30-day adaptation period. Heat production and physical activity were measured during 9-min intervals. The availability of straw bedding increased both metabolisable energy (ME) intake and total heat production (P , 0.001). Housing conditions did not affect total energy retention, but pigs on straw bedding retained more energy as protein (P , 0.01) and less as fat (P , 0.05) than barren-housed pigs. Average daily gain (P , 0.001), ME intake (P , 0.001) and energy retention (P , 0.01) were lower in pigs on the native potato starch diet compared to those on the pregelatinised potato starch diet. Pigs on the pregelatinised potato starch diet showed larger fluctuations in heat production and respiration quotient over the 24-h cycle than pigs on the native potato starch diet, and a higher activity-related energy expenditure. The effect of dietary starch type on activity-related heat production depended, however, on housing type (P , 0.05). In barren housing, activity-related heat production was less affected by starch type (16.1% and 13.7% of total heat production on the pregelatinised and native potato starch diet, respectively) than in strawenriched housing (21.1% and 15.0% of the total heat production on the pregelatinised and native potato starch diet, respectively). In conclusion, the present study shows that the availability both of straw bedding and of dietary starch type, fermentable or digestible, affects energy utilisation and physical activity of pigs. The effects of housing condition on protein and fat deposition suggest that environmental enrichment with long straw may result in leaner pigs. The lower energy expenditure on the physical activity of pigs on the native potato starch diet, which was the most obvious in straw-housed pigs, likely reflects a decrease in foraging behaviour related to a more gradual supply of energy from fermentation processes.

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Energy metabolism in young pigs as affected by mixing.

Cited by 21 publications

References 19 publications

Effect of weaning age and commingling after the nursery phase of pigs in a wean-to-finish facility on growth, and humoral and behavioral indicators of well-being1,2

Effect of weaning age and commingling after the nursery phase of pigs in a wean-to-finish facility on growth, and humoral and behavioral indicators of well-being1,2

Quantifying Resistant Starch Using Novel, In Vivo Methodology and the Energetic Utilization of Fermented Starch in Pigs3

Effects of fermentable starch and straw-enriched housing on energy partitioning of growing pigs

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