Energy Management System Design for Good Delivery Electric Trike Equipped with Different Powertrain Configurations

Abstract

This paper demonstrates the design of an electric trike’s energy management system for a goods delivery service via various possible component configurations. A model of the energy management system was first developed based on general engineering vehicles’ equations using Matlab software. Various component configurations, such as the usage of two battery types (lithium iron phosphate (LFP) and lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA)), implementation of three braking strategies (full mechanical, parallel, and series strategies), the presence of a range extender (RE), and various masses of range extenders were simulated by using the model. The driving cycle of the e-trike as input data in the simulation was obtained by driving the vehicle around Bandung City. Speed, distance, and elevation were obtained by using GPS-based software. The simulation results showed that the most efficient and effective component configuration was to use the serial regenerative braking strategy with no RE equipped. This configuration achieved an efficiency of 18.07 km/kWh. However, for a longer route, the usage of a 20-kg RE was required to prevent the state of charge drop below 30%. The NCA with serial regenerative braking and 20-kg RE had an efficiency of 17.47 km/kWh for the complete route.

An Extensive Critique on Electric Vehicle Components and Charging Systems

“…We have divided these possibilities into four categories: (i) environmentally friendly charge (i.e., utilizing renewable technology) and sustainability concerns related to EVs; (ii) the advancement and enhancement of the charging phases; (iii) the utilization of communication systems and machine intelligence and deep learning in EVs to enhance mobility and to increase the effective use of the charging network; and (iv) the usage of novel rechargeable battery innovations or production methods. Ultimately, this study serves to pave the road for future EV expansions that are more environmentally friendly [163][164][165][166].…”

A Review on Drive Train Technologies for Passenger Electric Vehicles

“…The speed and torque of the generator can be set at maximum energy efficiency to save fuel. Compared with BEV, EREV can have a longer distance due to the range extender, but it must be considerably compact to compete with BEV in terms of energy efficiency [42].…”

Low-Cost Air-Cooling System Optimization on Battery Pack of Electric Vehicle

“…This module was suitable for electric trike and city cars. The electric trike, in particular, is currently being developed in our research facilities and has been presented in several studies, such as by Reksowardojo et al [34].…”

“…This module was suitable for electric trike and city cars. The electric trike, in particular, is currently being developed in our research facilities and has been presented in several studies, such as by Reksowardojo et al [34]. The original geometry of the battery pack was complex, so it was difficult to configure the airflow within the battery pack iteratively with the Ansys Discovery Live software.…”