Energy management strategy of thermoelectric generation for localized air conditioners in commercial vehicles based on 48 V electrical system

Li, Xiaolong; Xie, Changjun; Quan, Shuhai; Huang, Liang; Wei, Fang

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.09.162

Cited by 37 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…The results show that these differences are positive and their values are in a range of 0-0.001 $/kWh, and the reduced ratio of the COE is in the range 0-1.27%. Thus, it seems that the actual wind turbines may have been optimally designed before being installed in the offshore wind farms [33][34]. On the other hand, the positive differences mean that it is necessary to simultaneously optimize the wind turbines and their layout to achieve the minimal energy cost of the offshore wind farms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Minimizing the Energy Cost of Offshore Wind Farms by Simultaneously Optimizing Wind Turbines and Their Layout

et al. 2019

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The construction and gradual installation of turbines on wind farms has been hindered by the high cost of the energy production. An effective way to minimize energy costs is via the optimal design of wind turbines and their layout, but relevant and synthetic studies are lacking. This paper proposes a method to minimize the energy cost of offshore wind farms by simultaneously optimizing the rated wind speed, the rotor radius of wind turbines and their layout. Firstly, a new, mixed mathematical formulation of the energy cost is presented, considering the Weibull distribution for wind, the characterizing parameters of wind turbines and the distance between two turbines. Secondly, to obtain the minimum energy cost, a composite optimization algorithm was developed, which consists of an iterative method and an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm. The former was used to search the minimal energy costs that relate to the design parameters of a single wind turbine, while the latter was adopted for optimizing the layout of the wind turbines iteratively. Finally, the proposed method was applied to three case studies with variable wind speed and constant wind direction. Results of the case studies show that the reduced energy cost after optimization has a range of 0–0.001 $/kWh, which confirms the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Meanwhile, the layout of the wind turbines after optimization tends to locate the two wind turbines with the biggest spacing in the wind direction, which justifies the utilization of layout optimization. Furthermore, exploring the optimally designed parameters of wind turbines revealed that the wind farms with a high mean wind speed can have a wider range of turbine capacity than those with a low wind speed, which offers more freedom for the designers when constructing offshore wind farms at wind sites with rich wind resources.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Minimizing the Energy Cost of Offshore Wind Farms by Simultaneously Optimizing Wind Turbines and Their Layout

et al. 2019

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“…As shown in Figure 1, the exhaust gas from the engine generates electricity through the TEG device, and the electric energy is stored in the battery pack through the DC/ DC converter. 35 The vehicle continuously charges the battery pack during the driving process, and when needed, the battery pack can realize electric energy output to the vehicle-mounted electrical equipment. Reasonably setting the structure of the battery pack is conducive to maintaining the uniformity of the temperature of the battery pack and the long-term stable operation of the battery.…”

Section: Problem Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the structure arrangement on the thermal characteristics of Li‐ion battery pack in thermoelectric generator

Zhu

Xie

Song

et al. 2020

Energy Science & Engineering

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Approximately 40% of the energy in traditional cars is discharged into the air through exhaust gas, causing a lot of waste of thermal energy, leading to huge economic losses. 1-3 Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) are the devices that can convert thermal energy into electrical energy, which can effectively achieve energy recovery. 4,5 Usually, the recovered electric energy is stored through a battery pack and is supplied to the vehicle-mounted electrical equipment. 6 The battery management system, as the core of battery monitoring, is widely used in electric vehicles. In software design, a reasonable algorithm is used to achieve battery state estimation and energy balance, which have a very important impact on vehicle safety. 7-12 But the system hardware structure design is also important, because the temperature of the battery pack rises during charging and discharging, the temperature between different batteries will cause the temperature in the battery pack to be inconsistent, and ultimately affect the life of the power battery. 13-15

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“…The number of electric vehicles (EVs) has grown rapidly due to increasing anxieties of environment deterioration and shortages of fossil fuels in recent years. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) power batteries are the main types of power batteries used in EVs because they offer a low self-discharge rate, high energy density, long cycle life, reasonable usage cost, and non-pollution [1][2][3][4]. Nowadays, battery manufacturers and governments are facing great pressure to recycle and dispose of batteries, because a large number of lithium-ion batteries are retired from EVs for safe operation and longer driving range after being employed in EVs for a few years [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Layered Bidirectional Active Equalization Method for Retired Power Lithium-Ion Batteries for Energy Storage Applications

et al. 2020

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The power from lithium-ion batteries can be retired from electric vehicles (EVs) and can be used for energy storage applications when the residual capacity is up to 70% of their initial capacity. The retired batteries have characteristics of serious inconsistency. In order to solve this problem, a layered bidirectional active equalization topology is proposed in this paper. Specifically, a bridge-type equalization topology based on an inductor is adopted in the bottom layer, and the distributed equalization topological structure based on the bidirectional BUCK-BOOST circuit is adopted in the top layer. State of charge (SOC) is used as the equalization target variable, and the bottom layer equalization algorithm based on a “partition” idea and route optimization is proposed. The static equalization experiments and charge equalization experiments are performed by the 12 retired batteries selected from an electric sanitation vehicle. The results show that the proposed equalization method can reduce the SOC difference between retired batteries and can effectively improve the inconsistency of the retired battery pack with a faster equalization speed.

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Energy management strategy of thermoelectric generation for localized air conditioners in commercial vehicles based on 48 V electrical system

Cited by 37 publications

References 44 publications

Minimizing the Energy Cost of Offshore Wind Farms by Simultaneously Optimizing Wind Turbines and Their Layout

Minimizing the Energy Cost of Offshore Wind Farms by Simultaneously Optimizing Wind Turbines and Their Layout

Analysis of the structure arrangement on the thermal characteristics of Li‐ion battery pack in thermoelectric generator

A Layered Bidirectional Active Equalization Method for Retired Power Lithium-Ion Batteries for Energy Storage Applications

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Energy management strategy of thermoelectric generation for localized air conditioners in commercial vehicles based on 48 V electrical system

Cited by 37 publications

References 44 publications

Minimizing the Energy Cost of Offshore Wind Farms by Simultaneously Optimizing Wind Turbines and Their Layout

Minimizing the Energy Cost of Offshore Wind Farms by Simultaneously Optimizing Wind Turbines and Their Layout

Analysis of the structure arrangement on the thermal characteristics of Li‐ion battery pack in thermoelectric generator

A Layered Bidirectional Active Equalization Method for Retired Power Lithium-Ion Batteries for Energy Storage Applications

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Product

Resources

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Energy management strategy of thermoelectric generation for localized air conditioners in commercial vehicles based on 48 V electrical system