Energy Management and Control in Multiple Storage Energy Units (Battery–Supercapacitor) of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles

Abstract

This paper presents a new approach of energy management for a fuel cell electric vehicle traction system. This system includes a supercapacitor, a traction battery of valve-regulated sealed lead–acid type, a high-performance permanent magnet traction system, and a power electronics converter. Special attention was placed on the coordination for managing the flow of energy from several sources to treat the concerns of prolonged electric vehicle mileage and battery lifetime for drivetrains of electric vehicles. Connection to a supercapacitor in parallel with the electric vehicle’s battery affects electric vehicle battery lifetime and its range. The paper used a study case of an all-electric train, but the used methods can be applied on hybrid or electric train cases. Fuzzy logic control and proportional integral control methods were used to control the electric vehicle system. The results of these two control methods were examined and compared. The simulation results were compared between the proposed electric vehicle system and the traditional system to show the effectiveness of the proposed method. Comparison of waveforms was made with and without the supercapacitor. The proposed optimized energy management strategy could improve the overall performance of the hybrid system and reduce the power consumption.

A Battery Cell Equalisation System Based on a Supercapacitors Tank and DC–DC Converters for Automotive Applications

“…Eventually, these SCs applications show that they could be used as energy storage for battery cell equalisation, as suggested in [20]. In addition to this, considering the SCs' mature integration [10,11] and control in the EVs Battery-SCs energy storage [12][13][14], overall financial benefits [15,16], and fast charging abilities and energy fluctuation mitigation [17][18][19], it could be suggested that the SCs energy tank could be used as a part of the battery cell equalisation system [20] further developed to utilise the regenerative brake energy from the electric drivetrain.…”

“…Also, in a range of high-power applications, SCs energy tanks are used in the railway reverse recovery storage system with an installed power of 3.5 MW, accumulating an energy value of 210 MJ [16]. The system is based on bi-directional buck-boost converters, using the fast charge ability of the SCs, also depicted in [17] and relatively high efficiency proven in [18,19]. Eventually, these SCs applications show that they could be used as energy storage for battery cell equalisation, as suggested in [20].…”

Adaptive Control Approach for Accurate Current Sharing and Voltage Regulation in DC Microgrid Applications

“…Figure 3A demonstrates the parallel equivalent circuit; the cable resistor product can be ignored in comparison to the high load resistance RL. As a result, the output current of the converter may be calculated [29][30][31][32].…”

Artificial Neural Networks Based Power Management for a Battery/Supercapacitor and Integrated Photovoltaic Hybrid Storage System for Electric Vehicles

“…Power management strategies play a critical role in determining the performance, efficiency, and range of electric vehicles (EVs). One approach to power management in EVs is to use artificial neural networks (ANNs), which are a type of machine learning algorithm that can learn to make predictions and decisions based on input data [38,39].…”