Energy loss, hadronization, and hadronic interactions of heavy flavors in relativistic heavy-ion collisions

Cao, Shanshan; Qin, Guang-You; Bass, Steffen A.

doi:10.1103/physrevc.92.024907

Cited by 159 publications

(145 citation statements)

References 122 publications

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“…The two last models also include scattering of D mesons in the hadronic phase of the medium. Also for the Cao, Qin, Bass model, the hadronic-rescattering effects have been studied in a recent publication [84] and no large differences in the R AA are observed, when these processes are considered.…”

Section: Comparison With Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transverse momentum dependence of D-meson production in Pb-Pb collisions at s N N = 2.76 $$ \sqrt{{\mathrm{s}}_{\mathrm{NN}}}=2.76 $$ TeV

Adam¹,

Adamová²,

Aggarwal³

et al. 2016

J. High Energ. Phys.

130

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The production of prompt charmed mesons D 0 , D + and D * + , and their antiparticles, was measured with the ALICE detector in Pb-Pb collisions at the centre-of-mass energy per nucleon pair, √ s NN , of 2.76 TeV. The production yields for rapidity |y| < 0.5 are presented as a function of transverse momentum, p T , in the interval 1-36 GeV/c for the centrality class 0-10% and in the interval 1-16 GeV/c for the centrality class 30-50%. The nuclear modification factor R AA was computed using a proton-proton reference at √ s = 2.76 TeV, based on measurements at √ s = 7 TeV and on theoretical calculations. A maximum suppression by a factor of 5-6 with respect to binary-scaled pp yields is observed for the most central collisions at p T of about 10 GeV/c. A suppression by a factor of about 2-3 persists at the highest p T covered by the measurements. At low p T (1-3 GeV/c), the R AA has large uncertainties that span the range 0.35 (factor of about 3 suppression) to 1 (no suppression). In all p T intervals, the R AA is larger in the 30-50% centrality class compared to central collisions. The D-meson R AA is also compared with that of charged pions and, at large p T , charged hadrons, and with model calculations. The ALICE collaboration 36 IntroductionA state of strongly-interacting matter characterised by high energy density and temperature is predicted to be formed in ultra-relativistic collisions of heavy nuclei. According to calculations using Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) on the lattice, these extreme conditions lead to the formation of a Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) state, in which quarks and gluons are deconfined, and chiral symmetry is partially restored (see e.g. [1][2][3][4]). Heavy quarks are produced in the hard scattering processes that occur in the early stage of the collision between partons of the incoming nuclei. Their production is characterised by a timescale ∆t < 1/(2 m c,b ), ∼ 0.1 fm/c for charm and ∼ 0.01 fm/c for beauty quarks, that is shorter than the formation time of the QGP medium, about 0.3 fm/c at Large Hadron Collider (LHC) energies [5]. They can successively interact with the constituents of the medium and lose part of their energy, via inelastic processes (gluon radiation) [6,7] or elastic scatterings (collisional processes) [8][9][10]. Energy loss can be studied using the -1 - JHEP03(2016)081nuclear modification factor R AA , which compares the transverse-momentum (p T ) differential production yields in nucleus-nucleus collisions (dN AA /dp T ) with the cross section in proton-proton collisions (dσ pp /dp T ) scaled by the average nuclear overlap function ( T AA )· dN AA /dp T dσ pp /dp T .(1.1)The average nuclear overlap function T AA over a centrality class is proportional to the number of binary nucleon-nucleon collisions per A-A collision in that class and it can be estimated via Glauber model calculations [11,12]. According to QCD calculations, quarks are expected to lose less energy than gluons because their coupling to the medium is smaller [6,7]. In the energy regime of the...

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Section: Comparison With Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transverse momentum dependence of D-meson production in Pb-Pb collisions at s N N = 2.76 $$ \sqrt{{\mathrm{s}}_{\mathrm{NN}}}=2.76 $$ TeV

Adam¹,

Adamová²,

Aggarwal³

et al. 2016

J. High Energ. Phys.

130

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“…It is suggested that the analysis of the azimuthal angular correlation might provide information on the energy loss mechanism of heavy quarks in the QGP [71] because stronger interactions should result in less pronounced angular correlations. Since in the PHSD we can follow up the fate of an initial heavy quark-antiquark pair throughout the partonic scatterings, the hadronization and final hadronic rescatterings, the microscopic calculations allow to shed some light on the correlation between the in-medium interactions and the final angular correlations.…”

Section: Azimuthal Angular Correlationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single electrons from heavy-flavor mesons in relativistic heavy-ion collisions

et al. 2017

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We study the single electron spectra from D− and B−meson semileptonic decays in Au+Au collisions at √ sNN =200, 62.4, and 19.2 GeV by employing the parton-hadron-string dynamics (PHSD) transport approach that has been shown to reasonably describe the charm dynamics at RelativisticHeavy-Ion-Collider (RHIC) and Large-Hadron-Collider (LHC) energies on a microscopic level. In this approach the initial charm and bottom quarks are produced by using the PYTHIA event generator which is tuned to reproduce the fixed-order next-to-leading logarithm (FONLL) calculations for charm and bottom production. The produced charm and bottom quarks interact with off-shell (massive) partons in the quark-gluon plasma with scattering cross sections which are calculated in the dynamical quasi-particle model (DQPM) that is matched to reproduce the equation of state of the partonic system above the deconfinement temperature Tc. At energy densities close to the critical energy density (≈ 0.5 GeV/fm 3 ) the charm and bottom quarks are hadronized into D− and B−mesons through either coalescence or fragmentation. After hadronization the D− and B−mesons interact with the light hadrons by employing the scattering cross sections from an effective Lagrangian. The final D− and B−mesons then produce single electrons through semileptonic decay. We find that the PHSD approach well describes the nuclear modification factor RAA and elliptic flow v2 of single electrons in d+Au and Au+Au collisions at √ sNN = 200 GeV and the elliptic flow in Au+Au reactions at √ sNN = 62.4 GeV from the PHENIX collaboration, however, the large RAA at √ sNN = 62.4 GeV is not described at all. Furthermore, we make predictions for the RAA of D−mesons and of single electrons at the lower energy of √ sNN = 19.2 GeV. Additionally, the medium modification of the azimuthal angle φ between a heavy quark and a heavy antiquark is studied. We find that the transverse flow enhances the azimuthal angular distributions close to φ = 0 because the heavy flavors strongly interact with nuclear medium in relativistic heavy-ion collisions and almost flow with the bulk matter.

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“…The nuclear modification factors of D mesons and non-prompt J/ψ are also described by a model calculation by the Duke group [61], that includes radiative and collisional energy loss within an hydro-dynamical medium and performs the hadronization of heavy quarks using recombination and fragmentation.…”

Section: Jhep11(2015)205mentioning

confidence: 99%

Centrality dependence of high-pT D meson suppression in Pb-Pb collisions at s N N = 2.76 $$ \sqrt{s_{\mathrm{N}\;\mathrm{N}}}=2.76 $$ TeV

Adam¹,

Milošević²,

García-Solis³

et al. 2015

J. High Energ. Phys.

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The nuclear modification factor, R AA , of the prompt charmed mesons D 0 , D + and D * + , and their antiparticles, was measured with the ALICE detector in Pb-Pb collisions at a centre-of-mass energy √ s NN = 2.76 TeV in two transverse momentum intervals, 5 < p T < 8 GeV/c and 8 < p T < 16 GeV/c, and in six collision centrality classes. The R AA shows a maximum suppression of a factor of 5-6 in the 10% most central collisions. The suppression and its centrality dependence are compatible within uncertainties with those of charged pions. A comparison with the R AA of non-prompt J/ψ from B meson decays, measured by the CMS Collaboration, hints at a larger suppression of D mesons in the most central collisions.Keywords: Charm physics, Heavy Ions, Heavy-ion collision The ALICE collaboration 17 IntroductionWhen heavy nuclei collide at high energy, a state of strongly-interacting matter with high energy density is expected to form. According to Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) calculations on the lattice, this state of matter, the so-called Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) is characterised by the deconfinement of the colour charge (see e.g. [1][2][3][4]). High-momentum partons, produced at the early stage of the nuclear collision, lose energy as they interact with the QGP constituents. This energy loss is expected to proceed via both inelastic (gluon radiation) [5,6] and elastic (collisional) processes [7][8][9]. The nuclear modification factor R AA is used to characterise parton energy loss by comparing particle production yields in nucleus-nucleus collisions to a scaled proton-proton (pp) reference, that corresponds to a superposition of independent nucleon-nucleon collisions. R AA is defined aswhere dσ pp /dp T and dN AA /dp T are the transverse momentum (p T ) differential cross section and yield in proton-proton and nucleus-nucleus (AA) collisions, respectively. T AA is the average nuclear overlap function, estimated within the Glauber model of the nucleusnucleus collision geometry, and proportional to the average number of nucleon-nucleon (binary) collisions [10,11]. Energy loss shifts the momentum of quarks and gluons, and thus hadrons, towards lower values, leading to a suppression of hadron yields with respect to binary scaling at p T larger than few GeV/c (R AA < 1). Energy loss is expected to be smaller for quarks than for gluons because the colour charge factor of quarks is smaller than that of gluons [5,6]. In the energy regime of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), light-flavour hadrons with p T ranging from 5 to 20 GeV/c originate predominantly from gluon fragmentation (see e.g. As discussed in ref.[15], this should be the case also for charm and beauty quarks produced in gluon splitting processes, if their transverse momentum is lower than about 50 GeV/c. Therefore, the comparison of the heavy-flavour hadron R AA with that of pions allows the colour-charge dependence of parton energy loss to be tested. The softer fragmentation of gluons than that of charm quarks, and the observed increase of the charged hadr...

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Energy loss, hadronization, and hadronic interactions of heavy flavors in relativistic heavy-ion collisions

Cited by 159 publications

References 122 publications

Transverse momentum dependence of D-meson production in Pb-Pb collisions at s N N = 2.76 $$ \sqrt{{\mathrm{s}}_{\mathrm{NN}}}=2.76 $$ TeV

Transverse momentum dependence of D-meson production in Pb-Pb collisions at s N N = 2.76 $$ \sqrt{{\mathrm{s}}_{\mathrm{NN}}}=2.76 $$ TeV

Single electrons from heavy-flavor mesons in relativistic heavy-ion collisions

Centrality dependence of high-pT D meson suppression in Pb-Pb collisions at s N N = 2.76 $$ \sqrt{s_{\mathrm{N}\;\mathrm{N}}}=2.76 $$ TeV

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