Energy loads, CO₂ emissions and building stocks: morphologies, typologies, energy systems and behaviour

Wall area, volume and plan depth in the building stock

“…The measurements for non-domestic buildings presented here have shown, in effect, the extent of non-passive core space beyond this depth limit. Recent research by Salat (2009) has revealed substantial variations in overall surface-tovolume ratios between different cities, and has shown the impact of the passive-to-non-passive volume ratio on total energy use for heating.…”

Urban Planning for a Renewable Energy Future: Methodological Challenges and Opportunities from a Design Perspective

“…When considering the impact of urban energy use in buildings, several contributing factors may be distinguished as represented in Figure 1, based on [40,41]. The impact is determined by the quantities of the different energy uses multiplied by the environmental impact of every used energy type.…”

“…Ratti, Baker and Steemers arrived at variations in the order of magnitude of 10%, considering heating and cooling, lighting and ventilation [41]; whereas Salat identified 80% differences for heating energy and concludes, more generally, that urban morphology can make up for a factor 2 in energy use variations [40,42].…”

A methodology for predicting the energy performance and indoor thermal comfort of residential stocks on the neighbourhood and city scales. A case study in Spain

“…The scope covered by these studies is diverse, and ranges from the state scale to the neighbourhood scale. As seen, it is outlined that most reviewed studies have been based in a bottom-up approach, except for (Balaras et al, 2007;Estiri, 2014;Salat, 2009;Uihlein and Eder, 2010), which have been conducted within a top-down framework. The paper is structured as follows: Section 2 presents the proposed methodology, which includes the selection of response variables and covariates based on a literature review, and describes the four stages that comprise it.…”

“…Then, previously to implement active measures to improve the energy efficiency in buildings, an accurate urban and building design may help ensure lower energy demands in residential stocks and achieve more energy-efficient urban planning by only considering passive energy strategies. For instance, Salat (2009) summarised some factors that vary extensively depending on urban layout and highlighted that they all strongly influence the energy performance, such as building shape factor, density, porosity, light and natural ventilation, and a building's envelope performance. Thus, design strategies should be defined in the early stages of urbanisation processes so that stakeholders have tools to obtain information about the influence of design variations on the energy performance of building stocks (Granadeiro et al, 2013).…”