Energy intake and physical activity during pregnancy in relation to maternal fat accretion and infant birthweight

Langhoff‐Roos, Jens; Lindmark, Gunilla; Kylberg, Elisabeth; Gebre‐Medhin, Mehari

doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1987.tb02319.x

Cited by 20 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(3 reference statements)

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“…We are not aware of any published reports of energy intake among pregnant women categorized by BMI; however the mean energy intake in our study population (regardless of BMI) did not differ appreciably from those reported in other studies of pregnant women. 17,18 In addition, studies of nonpregnant women that relied on self-reported dietary information have found similarly lower energy intakes among high BMI women. 24 The low energy intake among women of high BMI in our study seems not to be generated by under-reporting, since we applied a combination of two criteria to identify and exclude obvious underreporters prior to the analysis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy intake and net weight gain in pregnant women according to body mass index (BMI) status

et al. 1997

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether body mass index (BMI) is related to energy intake during pregnancy, and whether BMI, energy intake and other factors are related to net weight gain. DESIGN: Longitudinal, duration of pregnancy. SUBJECTS: 156 healthy pregnant women residing in Quedlinburg county, Germany. METHODS: Weighed 7 d food records and standardized anthropometric measures in the ®rst, second and third trimester. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical technique was used to analyze differences in energy intake, net weight gain and birthweight across BMI groups, and the Cochran-Mantel Haenszel test was used to analyze food group intake by BMI group. RESULTS: Women at the highest level of BMI were signi®cantly less often in the high energy intake category than women at the medium or low level of BMI (15% vs 36% and 48%). Net weight gain during pregnancy was independently in¯uenced by BMI status and energy intake. Women at the highest level of BMI gained signi®cantly less weight (4.2 kg) from ®rst to third trimester than women at the medium or low levels of BMI (weight gains of 6.2 kg and 5.9 kg, respectively). Women with a low daily energy intake gained 4.6 kg during pregnancy, while women with medium and high energy intakes gained 6.0 kg and 6.1 kg, respectively. Examination of net weight gain simultaneously across BMI and parity groups revealed a much lower net weight gain among multigravid women at the highest BMI level (3.3 kg). Primigravid high BMI women, in contrast, gained 6.9 kg, whereas multigravid and primigravid women at medium and low BMI levels gained average of 4.8 kg and 6.5 kg, respectively. The mean birth weight in the three BMI groups did not differ and was not in¯uenced by age, marital status, education, parity or smoking. CONCLUSION: Because other studies have shown that weight gain during pregnancy increases the risk of subsequent overweight, multigravid high BMI women may prevent an increased weight retention after pregnancy due to lower weight gain in the current gestation. A lower caloric diet may help to accomplish a lower weight gain during pregnancy in overweight women without increased risk of low birth weight infants. These ®ndings indicate further investigation of the associations between BMI, parity and caloric intake during pregnancy are needed to increase understanding of factors affecting subsequent weight gain.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy intake and net weight gain in pregnant women according to body mass index (BMI) status

et al. 1997

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“…Increasing maternal fat accretion during pregnancy does not necessarily promote fetal growth (44,66,67). Prepregnancy or early pregnancy BMI or maternal weight correlates better than maternal weight gain with birth weight (68,69).…”

Section: Birth Weightmentioning

confidence: 96%

Determination of Maternal Body Composition in Pregnancy and Its Relevance to Perinatal Outcomes

McCarthy¹,

Strauss²,

Walker³

et al. 2004

Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey

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Three models and 10 specific methods for determining maternal body composition are discussed and their perinatal relevance reviewed. English language publications (1950 to January 2004) were searched electronically and by hand. Search terms included "body composition," "human," " pregnancy," "obesity," "adiposity," "regional," "2-, 3-, 4-component," "truncal," "peripheral," "central," "visceral" along with specific techniques and outcomes listed subsequently. Three models of body composition are described: 2-component being fat and fat-free mass; 3-component being fat, water, and protein; and 4-component being fat, water, protein, and osseous mineral. Ten techniques of body composition assessment are described: 1) anthropometric techniques including skinfold thicknesses and waist-hip ratio; 2) total body water (isotopically labeled); 3) hydrodensitometry (underwater weighing); 4) air-displacement plethysmography; 5) bio-impedance analysis (BIA); 6) total body potassium (TBK); 7) dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA); 8) computed tomography (CT); 9) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); and 10) ultrasound (USS). Most methods estimate total adiposity. Regional fat distribution-central (truncal) compared with peripheral (limb) or visceral compared with subcutaneous-is important because of regional variation in adipocyte metabolism. Skinfolds, DEXA, CT, MRI, or USS can distinguish central from peripheral fat. CT, MRI, or USS can further subdivide central fat into visceral and subcutaneous. Perinatal outcomes examined in relation to body composition include pregnancy duration, birth weight, congenital anomalies, gestational diabetes, gestational hypertension, and the fetal origins of adult disease. A few studies suggest that central compared with peripheral fat correlates better with birth weight, gestational carbohydrate intolerance, and hypertension. Means of accurately assessing maternal body composition remain cumbersome and impractical, but may more accurately predict perinatal outcomes than traditional assessments such as maternal weight.

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“…There is some evidence that postpartum weight retention (net weight gain) is affected by the pattern of weight gain during pregnancy; weight gain before 20 weeks of gestation has been observed to be more strongly correlated with weight retention than weight gain later in gestation or total gain (Muscati et al, 1996). As one might expect (but few have measured), dietary intake during pregnancy is associated with subsequent fat accretion (Langhoff-Roos et al, 1987).…”

Section: Change In Mns During Pregnancy In Affluent Societiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations between reproduction and maternal body weight: examining the component parts of a full reproductive cycle

2003

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Objective: Many transitional societies currently face both extremes of nutritional status, undernutrition and overnutrition. Women of reproductive age are at high risk of these conditions. The purpose of this review is to consider evidence for relationships between reproduction and nutritional status in women from societies of varying economic development, using body weight or weight-for-height as indicators of maternal nutritional status. Design: The conceptual framework guiding this review is that the duration of the reproductive cycle varies as a function of its component parts, which include (i) pregnancy, (ii) lactation, (iii) the non-pregnant=non-lactating (NP=NL) interval or, possibly, (iv) an overlap between lactation and next pregnancy. All component parts of the complete cycle vary in length and are associated with changes in nutritional status. A variety of factors ('proximal and distal determinants') influence the duration of the component parts of the reproductive cycle. This framework is used to examine current knowledge of changes in maternal nutritional status during each of these parts. Results: Women in affluent societies retain some weight with each pregnancy, beyond that of non-pregnant women. Women in less affluent societies retain less weight with each pregnancy. During lactation, women in both affluent and less affluent societies experience only modest weight loss. During the NP=NL interval, women in affluent societies tend to gain weight, whereas weight of women in less affluent societies is likely to fluctuate. Conclusions: We conclude that there is a dearth of information on certain parts of the cycle, particularly the periods of overlap of lactation with pregnancy and the NP=NL interval.

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Energy intake and physical activity during pregnancy in relation to maternal fat accretion and infant birthweight

Cited by 20 publications

References 17 publications

Energy intake and net weight gain in pregnant women according to body mass index (BMI) status

Energy intake and net weight gain in pregnant women according to body mass index (BMI) status

Determination of Maternal Body Composition in Pregnancy and Its Relevance to Perinatal Outcomes

Associations between reproduction and maternal body weight: examining the component parts of a full reproductive cycle

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