Energy Input–Output Analysis of Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) Production in Turkey

Energy Analysis for Global Berry Fruit Production

“…Despite the fact that Manisa had the energy input value for farm machinery with 3944.12 MJ/ha, oil and diesel had the highest energy input with 12,388.20 MJ/ha [25]. The lowest diesel/oil energy input amount was calculated to be 2832.39 MJ/ha in Siirt, [26]. Chemical fertilizers were not used in the Aegean Region, where organic farming is practiced [23].…”

“…Chemical fertilizers were not used in the Aegean Region, where organic farming is practiced [23]. One of the highest levels of chemical fertilizer usage was recorded for Siirt, with 9568.22 MJ/ha [26] and Manisa, with 9077.80 MJ/ha [25]. The lowest energy input in chemical fertilizer was for Adiyaman, where organic farming is performed, with a value of 22.95 MJ/ha.…”

“…In some countries, there were no water usage, but it reached its highest value, with 23,991.42 MJ/ha, in West Azerbeyjan (Iran) [34]. Energy inputs in grape production in Nevsehir [22], Adiyaman (Organic) [27], Antalya (Greenhouse & Open Field) [21], Ege Region (Organic & Conventional) [23], Siirt [26], Manisa [25] and Trakya Region [24] in Türkiye.…”

“…Diesel/oil counted among the important inputs in agricultural production in recent years, with the highest energy input ratio in Manisa (33.04%) [25] and the lowest in Adiyaman (12.52%) [27]. It can be seen from Figure 8 that the energy input ratio in chemical fertilizer was 49.66% in Siirt [26]. Biochemical use was only seen in Adiyaman, and the energy input ratio was 5.52% [27].…”

“…While the highest percentage of electricity was used in Fars, Iran, at 51.69% [32], infrastructure was used in California, USA, at 39.94% [8]. [22], Adiyaman (Organic) [27], Antalya (Greenhouse & Open Field) [21], Ege Region (Organic & Conventional) [23], Siirt [26], Manisa [25] and Trakya Region [24] in Türkiye.…”