Energy Imbalance Underlying the Development of Childhood Obesity

Butte, Nancy F.; Christiansen, Edmund; Sørensen, Thorkild I A

doi:10.1038/oby.2007.364

Cited by 90 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…At the population level, for example, Bleich et al 17 and Swinburn et al 44 used energy balance equations to leverage food supply or dietary intake and national BMI data to explain the observed differences between populations and trends over time. At the individual level, Butte et al 11 and Swinburn et al 70 simulated physiological processes of tissue deposition to understand the shifts in body size by changes in energy intake and expenditure. Drawing inferences from theory and empirical observations have advanced the scientific knowledge base on the likely determinants of energy imbalance, but more importantly, these models can be extremely informative for policy contexts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Butte et al 11 modified an adult-based mathematical model and applied the total energy cost of weight gain, underlying increase in energy intake and decrease in PAL on 488 nonoverweight children (5-19 years of age) in the 1-year followup of the VIVA LA FAMILIA study. Changes in fat-free mass and fat mass were obtained by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and basal metabolic rate was measured by calorimetry.…”

Section: Energy Imbalance and Childhood Obesity Sn Bleich Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

“…10 Reducing childhood obesity is likely going to require a multitude of behavioral changes to decrease caloric intake and increase activity. 11 The surplus of energy intake over energy expenditure required for normal growth, activity and daily function (or the 'energy gap') responsible for the increase in body weight among US children and adolescents from 1988-1994 to 1999-2002, is estimated to be 110-165 calories per day. For children who became obese adolescents, the energy imbalance accumulated over a 10-year period could average as high as 600-1100 kcal per day.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relative contribution of energy intake and energy expenditure to childhood obesity: a review of the literature and directions for future research

Bleich

Wang³

2010

Int J Obes

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Background: Understanding the relative importance of overconsumption and physical inactivity to excess weight gain among children and adolescents can contribute to the development and evaluation of interventions and policies to reduce childhood obesity. However, whether energy intake or expenditure is the dominant contributor to childhood obesity is a subject of debate. To date, no study has systematically reviewed the literature on this subject. Methods: We searched PubMed and Ovid Medline (January 1970 to January 2010) for potentially relevant English-language abstracts and obtained full-text articles for the abstracts, which passed the initial inclusion-exclusion criteria. Reference lists of full-length articles were hand searched to identify additional studies potentially relevant for inclusion. Relevant studies were characterized into one of the following three categories: cross-sectional studies with a nationally representative sample, crosssectional studies among population subgroups and longitudinal studies.Results: This review identified 26 studies examining factors related to energy intake, energy expenditure and obesity among children and adolescents. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies suggest that the primary determinant of energy imbalance at both the population and the individual levels is not definitive. Our findings further suggest that there is wide variation in data quality between studies. Future research in this area should aim to improve the accuracy of measures of energy intake, expenditure and their net balance over time; capitalize on under-utilized, non-traditional data sources, which have not been widely used; use modeling techniques to synthesize studies of shorter follow-up period and different outcome measures; and examine the unique determinants of energy imbalance among demographic groups at higher risk for obesity. Conclusions: On the basis of the current evidence, there is no consensus on the main driver of secular trends on weight gain among US children and adolescents. More research and better methods are needed to identify the relative contribution of energy intake and energy expenditure to obesity in the pediatric population.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Energy Imbalance and Childhood Obesity Sn Bleich Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relative contribution of energy intake and energy expenditure to childhood obesity: a review of the literature and directions for future research

Bleich

Wang³

2010

Int J Obes

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“…Given the fact that children nowadays are spending record amounts of time sitting particularly related to school activities (Sturm 2005), which may play an important role in the increase of child obesity (e.g., Butte et al 2007), it seems crucial to explore possibilities to integrate more full-body movements and not only small body movements (i.e., gesturing) into the learning environment. The present study, therefore, will make an effort to incorporate full-body movements into the standard math curriculum of two-digit number building exercises.…”

Section: Making Movementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Watch Your Step Children! Learning Two-Digit Numbers Through Mirror-Based Observation of Self-Initiated Body Movements

2015

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It was investigated whether task-related body movements yield beneficial effects on children's learning of two-digit numbers and whether these learning effects are affected by mirror-based self-observation of those movements. Participants were 118 first-graders, who were randomly assigned to two movement conditions and two nonmovement control conditions. In the movement conditions, children were instructed to build two-digit numbers by making and simultaneously verbalizing out loud different sized steps representing the smaller units the numbers consisted of (e.g., the number B36^was construed by saying out loud B10,^B20,^B30,^B35,^B36,^while making three big steps, one medium, and one small step) on a ruler across the floor. In one of the movement conditions, the children were additionally asked to observe their steps in a mirror. In the first conventionally taught control condition, the children were asked to verbally build and mark the two-digit numbers on a ruler depicted on a sheet of paper. In the second control condition, children were seated before the ruler across the floor, and after verbally constructing the two-digit number, they had to walk to the appropriate position of the number on the ruler across the floor. In the subsequent test phase, children's knowledge of two-digit numbers was assessed by a final math test. The results confirmed the hypothesis that the movement conditions lead to higher test performance than the non-movement condition and revealed that test performance was not differentially affected by mirror-based self-observation.

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“…Thus, the increase in the energy intake is always accompanied by an increase in the total daily energy expenditure, which continues until a new energy balance is reached. This suggests that, despite the increased energy requirements after weight gain, the individuals keep consuming slightly more energy than they expend (22,(24)(25)(26) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesidade na criança e no adolescente: quantas calorias a mais são responsáveis pelo excedente de peso?

Pereira¹,

Bobbio

Antônio

et al. 2013

Rev. paul. pediatr.

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Objective: To review the main articles on energy imbalance and obesity in order to quantify the daily energy surplus associated with weight gain in children and adolescents.Data sources: Articles published in the last ten years, indexed in electronic databases Medline (Pubmed) and SciELO-Br. In the Medline database, the descriptor "energy gap" was used and describes the energy values associated with changes in body weight in individuals or populations. In SciELO-Br database, the descriptors "obesity", "energy metabolism", "energy balance", and "energy imbalance" were used, once it was not possible to find national articles discussing the energy gap.Data synthesis: In the pediatric population, four studies were performed and indicate that children and adolescents are gradually gaining weight due to a small, but persistent, daily positive energy balance of 70 to 160kcal above the total energy suitable for growth. The results suggest that small changes in daily eating behavior as well as physical activity would be enough to prevent future weight gain in this population.Conclusions: gradual weight gain can be explained by small daily average of positive energy balance, from 70 to 160kcal above the total energy suitable for growth. The incentive to small changes in eating behavior and physical activities that promotes daily reduction of 160kcal can be an accessible practice in order to block weight gain in this population.Key-words: obesity; child; adolescent; energy metabolism; energy intake; weight gain. RESUMOObjetivo: Revisar os principais artigos referentes ao tema desequilíbrio energético e obesidade, a fim de quantificar o excedente energético diário associado ao ganho de peso em crianças e adolescentes.Fontes de dados: Artigos publicados nos últimos dez anos, indexados nas bases de dados eletrônicas Medline (Pubmed) e SciELO-Br. Na base de dados Medline, utilizou-se o descritor "energy gap", termo que descreve os valores energéticos associados às modificações no peso corporal em indivíduos ou populações. Na base de dados SciELO-Br, utilizaram-se os descritores "obesidade", "metabolismo energético", "balanço energético" e "desequilíbrio energético", devido ao fato de não terem sido encontrados artigos nacionais que discutissem o assunto "energy gap". Síntese dos dados: Na população infantil, quatro estudos foram realizados e indicam que crianças e adolescentes estão gradualmente ganhando peso devido a um pequeno, mas persistente, balanço energético positivo diário, 70 a 160kcal acima do total calórico adequado para o crescimento. Os valores encontrados sugerem que pequenas modificações nos hábitos diários de alimentação e de atividade física seriam suficientes para evitar futuros ganhos de peso nessa população. Helen Rose C. Pereira et alConclusões: O ganho gradual de peso pode ser explicado por pequena média diária de balanço energético positivo, de 70 a 160kcal acima do total calórico adequado para o crescimento. O incentivo às pequenas modificações nos hábitos alimentares e de atividades físicas qu...

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Energy Imbalance Underlying the Development of Childhood Obesity

Cited by 90 publications

References 15 publications

Relative contribution of energy intake and energy expenditure to childhood obesity: a review of the literature and directions for future research

Relative contribution of energy intake and energy expenditure to childhood obesity: a review of the literature and directions for future research

Watch Your Step Children! Learning Two-Digit Numbers Through Mirror-Based Observation of Self-Initiated Body Movements

Obesidade na criança e no adolescente: quantas calorias a mais são responsáveis pelo excedente de peso?

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