Energy generation and storage by salinity gradient power: A model-based assessment

Jalili, Zohreh; Krakhella, Kjersti Wergeland; Einarsrud, Kristian Etienne; Burheim, Odne Stokke

doi:10.1016/j.est.2019.04.029

Cited by 26 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…The maximum concentration in the experiments was set to 5.0 M, even though the solubility limit of NaCl is 6 M, to avoid possible precipitation of salt. The dilute solution starts at 0.05 M due to high ohmic resistance at lower concentrations [7] resulting in a drop in power density (see Equation (16)). When the EESS is fully discharged, both the solutions are at 2.525 M (the average concentrations is always 2.525 M).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Following the duck curve constraint (see Jalili et al [7]), the current density while charging is approximately half the current density while discharging.…”

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The efficiency of charging is the reversible power density divided by the power density used by ED and the power used for pumping. The equations of the current density, power losses in pumping and the EESS efficiency can be found in Jalili et al [7]. Given no pumping losses and purely ohmic losses, the power density per unit cell (uc) area, P (W m -2 uc ), is the electrode voltage (per unit cell, AEM and CEM), E (V) Equation (11), multiplied by the current density, i (A m −2 ), and discharging is 0.8 and 0.5 respectively; the total efficiency of the EESS is 0.4 [7].…”

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Examples of combinations of technologies which together make up a salinity gradient energy storage system (SGESS) are reverse electrodialysis (RED) and electrodialysis (ED), pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) and reverse osmosis (RO), and capacitive Donnan potential (CDP) and membrane capacitive deionisation (MCDI). A model comparing these SGESSs is carried out by Jalili et al [7], where RED/ED and PRO/RO were preferred over CDP/MCDI, and at higher temperatures, RED/ED had the highest power density and efficiency. This work is based on these findings and focuses on the electrodialytic energy storage system (EESS) based on RED and ED.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By keeping both the inlet concentrations constant while measuring polarisation curves, we can get a better understanding of the limiting kinetics. The polarisation curve will also give the ideal discharging current for maximum power density, and using a realistic current restriction (e.g., the duck curve constraint explained in Jalili et al [7]), the charging current can be calculated, together with the total efficiency of the EESS.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrodialytic Energy Storage System: Permselectivity, Stack Measurements and Life-Cycle Analysis

et al. 2020

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Reverse electrodialysis and electrodialysis can be combined into a closed energy storage system, allowing for storing surplus energy through a salinity difference between two solutions. A closed system benefits from simple temperature control, the ability to use higher salt concentrations and mitigation of membrane fouling. In this work, the permselectivity of two membranes from Fumatech, FAS-50 and FKS-50, is found to be ranging from 0.7 to 0.5 and from 0.8 to 0.7 respectively. The maximum unit cell open-circuit voltage was measured to be 115 ± 9 mV and 118 ± 8 mV at 25 • C and 40 • C, respectively, and the power density was found to be 1.5 ± 0.2 W m -2 uc at 25 • C and 2.0 ± 0.3 W m -2 uc at 40 • C. Given a lifetime of 10 years, three hours of operation per day and 3% downtime, the membrane price can be 2.5 ± 0.3 $ m −2 and 1.4 ± 0.2 $ m −2 to match the energy price in the EU and the USA, respectively. A life-cycle analysis was conducted for a storage capacity of 1 GWh and 2 h of discharging. The global warming impact is 4.53·10 5 kg CO 2 equivalents/MWh and the cumulative energy demand is 1.61·10 3 MWh/MWh, which are 30% and 2 times higher than a lithium-ion battery pack with equivalent capacity, respectively. An electrodialytic energy storage system reaches a comparable global warming impact and a lower cumulative energy demand than a lithium-ion battery for an average life span of 20 and 3 years, respectively.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Following the duck curve constraint (see Jalili et al [7]), the current density while charging is approximately half the current density while discharging.…”

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrodialytic Energy Storage System: Permselectivity, Stack Measurements and Life-Cycle Analysis

et al. 2020

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Laser‐Assisted Scalable Pore Fabrication in Graphene Membranes for Blue‐Energy Generation

et al. 2022

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The osmotic energy from a salinity gradient (i. e. blue energy) is identified as a promising non-intermittent renewable energy source for a sustainable technology. However, this membranebased technology is facing major limitations for large-scale viability, primarily due to the poor membrane performance. An atomically thin 2D nanoporous material with high surface charge density resolves the bottleneck and leads to a new class of membrane material the salinity gradient energy. Although 2D nanoporous membranes show extremely high performance in terms of energy generation through the single pore, the fabrication and technical challenges such as ion concentration polarization make the nanoporous membrane a non-viable solution. On the other hand, the mesoporous and micro porous structures in the 2D membrane result in improved energy generation with very low fabrication complexity. In the present work, we report femtosecond (fs) laser-assisted scalable fabrication of μm to mm size pores on Graphene membrane for blue energy generation for the first time. A remarkable osmotic power in the order of μW has been achieved using mm size pores, which is about six orders of magnitudes higher compared to nanoporous membranes, which is mainly due to the diffusion-osmosis driven large ionic flux. Our work paves the way towards fs laser-assisted scalable pore creation in the 2D membrane for large-scale osmotic power generation.

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From non‐renewable energy to renewable by harvesting salinity gradient power by reverse electrodialysis: A review

Zoungrana

Çakmakçı

2020

Int J Energy Res

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Summary Fossil fuel is scanty and negatively affects the earth by inducing climate change. As a result, alternative and renewable energy (RE) sources are being investigated to replace fossil fuel. Wind and solar energy are leaders in the RE market, but huge and accessible other energy sources such as salinity gradient power (SGP) exist and need to be collected to contribute to the global energy demand. SGP is mainly extracted with reverse electrodialysis (RED) and pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) systems. The applicability of RED‐SGP in a natural environment is the current challenge due to the low power density and the high Levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of the process. The properties of the ion‐exchange membranes (IEMs), the spacers, the feed solutions characteristics and salinity, and the electrodes are among the most important parameters that control the performance of RED‐SGP processes. New highly selective, conductive, and cost‐effective membranes are required to improve RED performance and reduce the produced energy cost. Alternatives feed solutions such as wastewaters and brine from desalination plants as well as hybrid RED such as RED combined to electrodialysis (ED), reverse osmosis (RO), or membrane distillation (MD) will result in cost‐effective water treatment and SGP extraction.

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Energy generation and storage by salinity gradient power: A model-based assessment

Cited by 26 publications

References 76 publications

Electrodialytic Energy Storage System: Permselectivity, Stack Measurements and Life-Cycle Analysis

Electrodialytic Energy Storage System: Permselectivity, Stack Measurements and Life-Cycle Analysis

Laser‐Assisted Scalable Pore Fabrication in Graphene Membranes for Blue‐Energy Generation

From non‐renewable energy to renewable by harvesting salinity gradient power by reverse electrodialysis: A review

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