Energy for water utilization in China and policy implications for integrated planning

Li, X.; Liu, J.; Zheng, Chunji

doi:10.4324/9781315180199-9

Cited by 30 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…Local EFW within Beijing's boundary is split roughly equally into four ways among recycled (27%) and waste (5%) water treatment for a total of 32%, groundwater extraction (28%), pumping and conveying the water from the SNWD (19%) and from local reservoirs (2%) for a total of 21% for surface water extraction, and finally public water supply (19%) (Table 1). In comparison, EFW is 64% for water abstraction, 29% for public water supply, and 7% for wastewater treatment for China (Li et al , 2016a, 2016b). It is worth noting that the percentage of energy for recycling and treating wastewater in Beijing (32%) is much higher than that of the national average (7%).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The potential to save energy, and possibly water, in the domestic sector has not been fully exploited. For China as a whole, the energy for agricultural use ranks first and accounts for 41% of the total EFW (Li et al , 2016a). While in Beijing, the energy for agricultural water use is only 10%, only slightly more than that for industrial use (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To reduce the discrepancies of data from different studies, the mean value of energy intensity data was adopted here. Detailed explanations on how the values were obtained can be found in Li et al (2016a, 2016b). The water quantity data were collected from the Water Resources Bulletin published by Beijing Water Authority (2016).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Water–Energy Nexus of Megacities Extends Beyond Geographic Boundaries: A Case of Beijing

Liu

Yang

et al. 2019

Environmental Engineering Science

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The water–energy nexus (WEN) is dynamic and complicated in megacities, most of which are challenged by water scarcity and the mandate to reduce energy consumption. A salient feature of water and energy services in megacities is that they are supported by a web of regional infrastructure, extending far beyond the geographic boundaries of the cities, resulting in a strong dependence on resources imported from outside. Understanding the WEN of megacities has implications not only for more efficient resource utilization but also for synergistic regional development and corporation. This study provides a quantitative assessment of the WEN of Beijing within and beyond its geographic boundaries. Results show that water for local internal energy production and transformation accounts for 220 million m 3 /year, or 5.6% of its total freshwater use in 2016, and the energy for local water abstraction, supply, and treatment is 3.06 billion kWh, accounting for 1.1% of its total energy consumption for the same year. The external water for “imported” energy is 290 million m 3 /year, 1.3 times of Beijing's freshwater use for internal energy. This means that more water for energy is consumed outside Beijing than that within Beijing. The energy for external water is negligible because the bulk of the water transfer into Beijing relies on gravity and because the energy for construction of the transfer infrastructure is not included. Analysis of the WEN revealed the contradiction between the two independently conceived policies of Beijing: to meet the “three-red-line” target in the water sector, recycled water and transferred water use will rise, making it more difficult to meet the carbon emission control targets. Therefore, adopting low energy intensity, nature-based water recycling is a wise policy choice.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Water–Energy Nexus of Megacities Extends Beyond Geographic Boundaries: A Case of Beijing

Liu

Yang

et al. 2019

Environmental Engineering Science

Self Cite

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“…Moreover, groundwater over-exploitation has caused problems such as river dry-up, lake shrinkage, aquifer depletion, and land subsidence in many areas 10 , 11 . Meanwhile, the energy used for water pumping represents an assignable energy use in the water sector 12 , 13 . Therefore, it is important to exploit the regional water-energy nexus and highlight the energy and greenhouse gas-related environmental co-benefits of water resources management 14 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In recent decades, total water consumption in the NCP area has shown a gradual increasing trend 9 , and a large amount of energy has been consumed by the water-pumping system 12 , 13 . In the southern Haihe River Plain, which accounts for 30% of the NCP area, the energy used to pump shallow groundwater for irrigation can reach 1.63 billion kWh 15 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Reduction Effect of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in China

Zhao

Zhu

Lin

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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The North China Plain, with a population of approximately 150 million, is facing severe water scarcity. The over-exploitation of groundwater in the region, with accumulation amounts reaching more than 150 billion m3, causes a series of hydrological and geological problems together with the consumption of a significant amount of energy. Here, we highlight the energy and greenhouse gas-related environmental co-benefits of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project (SNWDP). Moreover, we evaluate the energy-saving effect of SNWDP on groundwater exploitation based on the groundwater-exploitation reduction program implemented by the Chinese government. Our results show that the transferred water will replace about 2.97 billion m3 of exploited groundwater in the water reception area by 2020 and hence reduce energy consumption by 931 million kWh. Further, by 2030, 6.44 billion m3 of groundwater, which accounts for 27% of the current groundwater withdrawal, will save approximately 7% of Beijing’s current thermal power generation output.

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Greenhouse gas emissions associated with urban water infrastructure: What we have learnt from China's practice

Zhang

Smith²,

Zhao

et al. 2021

WIREs Water

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Municipal water and wastewater services have complicated sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and quantifying their roles is critical for tackling global environmental challenges. In this study we provide a systematic review of the state‐of‐the‐art on GHG emission characterizations of China's urban water infrastructure with the aim of shedding light on global implications for sustainable development. We started by synthesizing a framework on GHG emissions associated with water and wastewater infrastructure. Then we analyzed the different sources of GHG emissions in drinking water and wastewater treatment systems. In drinking water services, electricity consumption is the largest source of GHG emissions. A particular concern in China is the common use of secondary pumping for high‐rise buildings. Optimized pressure management with an efficient pumping system should be prioritized. In wastewater services, non‐CO2 emissions such as methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions are substantial, but vary greatly depending on regional and technological differences. Further research directions may include GHG inventory development for urban water systems at the plant level, quantifications of GHG emissions from sewer systems, emission reduction measures via water reclamation, renewable energy recovery, energy efficiency improvement, cost–benefit analyses, and characterizations of Scope 3 emissions. This article is categorized under: Engineering Water > Sustainable Engineering of Water Science of Water > Water and Environmental Change Engineering Water > Planning Water

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Energy for water utilization in China and policy implications for integrated planning

Cited by 30 publications

References 1 publication

The Water–Energy Nexus of Megacities Extends Beyond Geographic Boundaries: A Case of Beijing

The Water–Energy Nexus of Megacities Extends Beyond Geographic Boundaries: A Case of Beijing

Energy Reduction Effect of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in China

Greenhouse gas emissions associated with urban water infrastructure: What we have learnt from China's practice

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