Energy Fields' Impact on Biological Objects

Advances in Bioresorbable Triboelectric Nanogenerators

“…The significant improvements in output power have extended the applications of B-TENGs; thus, it seems they can serve soon as viable and practical power systems for transient, low-power IMDs, such as neurostimulators, infusion pumps, and electrical sterilizers. (Figure C). ,− …”

“…Numerous biological and metabolic processes are regulated by chemical or electrical signaling between cells and tissues, − providing opportunities to connect computers and the human body for healthcare purposes. The rise of implantable medical devices (IMDs) has enabled the quantification of various physiological signals that offer real-time monitoring for valuable information about the health state and the development of effective electrical impulse-based treatments for an array of disorders or diseases. − The direct or close physical interfaces between IMDs and biological systems enable accurate and effective two-way interactions, and the improvement in surgical robots has relieved risks associated with surgical procedures. ,,− Moreover, biocompatible polymers have been explored and applied to the development of IMDs with improved biosafety and clinical benefits, as they form stable, intimate tissue interfaces. ,, In short, many IMDs offer a fully integrated healthcare system based on the organic collaboration of sensing, − data analysis, , communication, and treatment …”

Nanogenerators to Power Implantable Medical Systems

“…Radio-frequency identification (RFID) pressure sensors consume 10 mW via bluetooth low energy. 24,25 Advanced IMDs capable of measuring physiological and spatiotemporal parameters demand high computation loads. 26 Thus, their power consumption is often very high.…”

“…56 RFID tags and wireless sensors can be driven with 1-10 mW/cm 2 . 24 The amount of energy generated solely depends on working of the heart, which may raise concerns regarding the effectiveness and safety of TENGs in powering devices. Unlike various mechanical events occurring outside the body, very limited amount of mechanical energy (e.g., muscular displacement of the heart's outer wall during heartbeat), extremely narrow space, and device dimension limitation inside the body present challenges for NGs in becoming a promising power source for IMDs.…”

“…From this aspect, the power generated was high enough to recharge small IMDs batteries (e.g., pacemaker and neurostimulators) that consume only 1-100 mW. 24…”