Energy End-Use: Industry

Banerjee, Rangan; Yu, Cong; Gielen, Dolf; Jannuzzi, Gilberto De Martino; Maréchal, François; McKane, Aimee; Rosen, Marc A.; Es, Denis van; Worrell, Ernst; Ayres, Robert U.; Olshanskaya, Marina; Price, Lynn; Saygin, Deǧer; Srivastava, Ashutosh; Jochem, Eberhard

doi:10.1017/cbo9780511793677.014

Cited by 16 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 43 publications

(42 reference statements)

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“…The industrial sector is strongly dependent on electricity, coal, gas and oil, in this order (see Table 4, based on [51], Table 8.22). However, oil is especially important in the petrochemical and construction sectors.…”

Section: Industrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Secondary production of the main metals (recycling) already involves the use of electric arc furnaces which can be, in principle, fully electric. Figure 8.1 in [51]. The energy required for future hydrogen production in some sectors is included in the corresponding box of column 3.…”

Section: Industrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If we take into account these factors, the quantities of available charcoal and biogas and the quantities of charcoal and gas to be used for HVC production (Table 6), and compare with the energy used in 2004 to produce HVCs ( [51], Table 8.5) we find that 544 GW would be required, to be added to the energy cost of producing ammonia, ethanol and all the petrochemical products. We will assume that, in a post-carbon economy, ammonia production will initially be the same as in 2005 (177 GW); but that it will decrease to 15% of this figure following the implementation of a future organic agriculture.…”

Section: Endmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…World production of cement was 2540 million tonnes in 2006 [101]. Energy use for cement production is about 3.3 GJ/t in India, which has the most efficient cement industry in the world [51].…”

Section: A6 Non-metallic Mineralsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 2004, 494 GW were used to produce all the olefins and aromatics ( [51], Table 8.5). This table allows us to estimate the weights for the production of different HVCs, ammonia, methanol, other chemicals, as well as HVC processing and polymerization in the energy consumption of this sector.…”

Section: A8 Petrochemical Industrymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Substitutability of Electricity and Renewable Materials for Fossil Fuels in a Post-Carbon Economy

Garciá‐Olivares

2015

Energies

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Abstract:A feasible way to avoid the risk of energy decline and combat climate change is to build a 100% renewable global energy mix. However, a globally electrified economy cannot grow much above 12 electric terawatts without putting pressure on the limits of finite mineral reserves. Here we analyze whether 12 TW of electricity and 1 TW of biomass (final) power will be able to fuel a future post-carbon economy that can provide similar services to those of a contemporary economy. Contrarily to some pessimistic expectations, this analysis shows that the principle economic processes can be replaced with sustainable alternatives based on electricity, charcoal, biogas and hydrogen. Furthermore, those services that cannot be replaced are not as crucial so as to cause a return to a pre-industrial society. Even so, land transport and aviation are at the limit of what is sustainable, outdoor work should be reorganized, metal primary production should be based on hydrogen reduction when possible, mineral production should be increasingly based on recycling, the petrochemical industry should shrink to a size of 40%-43% of the 2012 petrochemical sector, i.e., a size similar to that the sector had in [1985][1986], and agriculture may require organic farming methods to be sustainable.

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Section: Industrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Industrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Endmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A6 Non-metallic Mineralsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A8 Petrochemical Industrymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Substitutability of Electricity and Renewable Materials for Fossil Fuels in a Post-Carbon Economy

Garciá‐Olivares

2015

Energies

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Limits to Efficiency for Energy Utilization

Rosen

2015

Handbook of Clean Energy Systems

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Designing efficient energy systems is a significant challenge. In a world with finite natural resources and large energy demands, it is important to understand not only actual efficiencies but also limits to efficiency, as the latter identify margins for efficiency improvement. Energy analysis methods, which yield energy efficiencies, do not provide limits to efficiency. To obtain meaningful and useful efficiencies for energy systems, and to clarify losses, exergy analysis is a beneficial and useful tool. Exergy efficiencies establish upper limits to efficiency and provide a measure of approach to ideality. This is the focus of this article. Limits to efficiency are subject to two constraints, which are often not clearly understood: theoretical and practical. The energy utilization of systems as small as a device to as large as a country can be assessed using exergy analysis to gain insights into efficiency; examples of the benefits of applying exergy to such examples are given. Furthermore, the insights gained through the exergy analyses presented here in terms of meaningful efficiencies and quantified margins for improvement are examined to determine their range of applicability. Exergy analyses are shown to be able to provide useful information about devices and regions such as a country, including limiting and actual efficiencies, and can consequently help achieve savings in resource use through efficiency, conservation, and other measures. Exergy analyses also help identify margins for improvement, and thus are useful for informing energy planning and research.

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Sustainable and High‐Rate Electrosynthesis of Nitrogen Fertilizer

et al. 2023

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The conventional industrial production of nitrogen-containing fertilizers, such as urea and ammonia, relies heavily on energy-intensive processes, accounting for approximately 3 % of global annual CO 2 emissions. Herein, we report a sustainable electrocatalytic approach that realizes direct and selective synthesis of urea and ammonia from co-reduction of CO 2 and nitrates under ambient conditions. With the assistance of a copper (Cu)-based salphen organic catalyst, outstanding urea (3.64 mg h À 1 mg cat À 1) and ammonia (9.73 mg h À 1 mg cat À 1 ) yield rates are achieved, in addition to a remarkable Faradaic efficiency of 57.9 � 3 % for the former. This work proposes an appealing sustainable route to converting greenhouse gas and waste nitrates by renewable energies into value-added fertilizers.

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Energy End-Use: Industry

Cited by 16 publications

References 43 publications

Substitutability of Electricity and Renewable Materials for Fossil Fuels in a Post-Carbon Economy

Substitutability of Electricity and Renewable Materials for Fossil Fuels in a Post-Carbon Economy

Limits to Efficiency for Energy Utilization

Sustainable and High‐Rate Electrosynthesis of Nitrogen Fertilizer

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