Energy‐Efficient Solar Photochemistry with Luminescent Solar Concentrator Based Photomicroreactors

Cambié, Dario; Dobbelaar, Jeroen; Riente, Paola; Vanderspikken, Jochen; Shen, Chong; Seeberger, Peter H.; Debije, Michael G.; Noël, Timothy

doi:10.1002/anie.201908553

Cited by 86 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…An improved LSC-PM design with better mechanical, chemical, and photophysical properties was later reported. By incorporating red-, green-, and blue-emitting dyes, its use was expanded to various visible-light-driven photochemical transformations, ranging from singlet oxygen oxidation to dual photocatalytic reactions and trifluoromethylation chemistry [63]. A comparison with non-doped reactors under otherwise identical conditions nicely demonstrated the enhancement of the reaction performance of the LSC-PMs ( Figure 3E).…”

Section: Solar Photochemistrymentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Adapted, with permission, from [61]. (D) Automated residence time adjustment according to light intensity in LSC-PM.Adapted, with permission, from[63]. (E) Reactions in solar simulator: comparison of LSC-PM and standard microchannel reactor under identical conditions.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…(E) Reactions in solar simulator: comparison of LSC-PM and standard microchannel reactor under identical conditions. Adapted, with permission, from[63].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Flow Photochemistry: Shine Some Light on Those Tubes!

Sambiagio

Noël

2020

Trends in Chemistry

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Continuous-flow chemistry has recently attracted significant interest from chemists in both academia and industry working in different disciplines and from different backgrounds. Flow methods are now being used in reaction discovery/methodology, in scale-up and production, and for rapid screening and optimization. Photochemical processes are currently an important research field in the scientific community and the recent exploitation of flow methods for these methodologies has made clear the advantages of flow chemistry and its importance in modern chemistry and technology worldwide. This review highlights the most important features of continuous-flow technology applied to photochemical processes and provides a general perspective on this rapidly evolving research field. Microflow Technology and Photochemistry: A Perfect MatchThe use of light to promote chemical reactions has been exploited since the 18th century, but only recently a resurgence has been observed in synthetic organic chemistry, in particular due to the development of visible-light photoredox catalysis [1-5]. All transformations involving light (e.g., Figure 1A-D) must consider, besides classical chemical parameters (i.e., reaction conditions), the photophysical aspects of the sensitizer (see Glossary)/photocatalyst (when used), and the reactor design. The latter, although often neglected by chemists, is a critical aspect for the outcome of the studied chemical transformation. This includes, for example, the size, shape, and material of the reaction vessel, the characteristics and positioning of the light source(s), and heat-transfer properties, particularly when high-intensity lamps are used [6,7]. The engineering and technological aspects of photochemical processes are often at the basis of the irreproducibility and non-scalability of such transformations.According to the Beer-Lambert law, light transmittance decreases exponentially with the distance from the light source ( Figure 1F). For a standard batch reactor (diameter at least in the centimeter range), light intensity decreases considerably from the flask walls to the middle of the reaction mixture, resulting in slow reactions and nonhomogeneous irradiation of the reaction mixture. Performing photochemical reactions in microchannels (ID < 1 mm) allows a higher and more homogeneous photon flux, resulting in shorter reaction times and consequently less side-product formation due to over-irradiation, often observed in batch [8,9]. Another advantage of microflow chemistry, correlated with the large surface:volume ratio, is improved heat and mass transfer, with the possibility to perform mass-transfer-limited multiphasic reactions efficiently [10]. Reactive chemicals and intermediates can be handled more safely in flow than in batch, as no accumulation of dangerous components occurs within the confined reactor volume due to the continuous nature of the process. Together, these result in often faster, safer, and higher-yielding reactions, with the possibility to perform reactions under condition...

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Section: Solar Photochemistrymentioning

confidence: 98%

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confidence: 99%

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Flow Photochemistry: Shine Some Light on Those Tubes!

Sambiagio

Noël

2020

Trends in Chemistry

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295

223

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“…[248] Some recent publications have reported the use of the light emitted by LSCs to produce photochemical reactions. [249][250][251][252][253][254] Debije, Noël and co-workers have developed PDMS LCSs doped with fluorescent dyes to convert sunlight into a narrow spectral band and transport that energy to embedded microchannels to produce photochemical reactions ( Figure 16).…”

Section: Wwwadvancedsciencenewscommentioning

confidence: 99%

Luminescent Solar Collectors: Quo Vadis?

Roncali

2020

Advanced Energy Materials

114

111

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Luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs) are optical systems that absorb, convert, and concentrate solar light by means of photoluminescence of an emitting material embedded in a transparent waveguide. LSCs combine large possibilities of variation of shape, flexibility, color, and transparency and can operate under direct or diffuse light. LSCs were actively investigated in the period 1975–1985 in view of photovoltaic (PV) conversion. After 20 years of sleep, research on LSCs has reemerged in the first years of the millennium driven by their potential application for PV conversion in built environment. Research on LSCs aims at the development of new active and passive components, namely emitting and light‐guiding materials, and at the reduction of the loss factors associated with the elemental processed involved in the operation in order to improve power conversion efficiency. After a brief historical account, the operating principles, characterization, components, technology, and applications are reviewed. Finally, the performance of LSCs are critically discussed in a global perspective with particular emphasis on the basic contradiction between light concentration and conversion efficiency leading to some suggestions for future development of the topic.

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“…Noël and co-workers [43,44] have recently described the exploitation of solar light in continuous flow settings. The use of solar light is highly attractive [45]-and in fact the first photochemical transformations were studied using sunlight [46,47] (many of which are associated with the pioneering works of Cannizzaro, Paterno and Ciamician); however, the heterogeneity of solar light (≈5% UV, ≈43% visible, ≈52% IR), together with inconsistent photon flux (seasons, cloud coverage, day/night pattern and geographical impact), make this approach challenging.…”

Section: Greener and More Sustainable Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Continuous Flow Photochemistry for the Preparation of Bioactive Molecules

2020

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The last decade has witnessed a remarkable development towards improved and new photochemical transformations in response to greener and more sustainable chemical synthesis needs. Additionally, the availability of modern continuous flow reactors has enabled widespread applications in view of more streamlined and custom designed flow processes. In this focused review article, we wish to evaluate the standing of the field of continuous flow photochemistry with a specific emphasis on the generation of bioactive entities, including natural products, drugs and their precursors. To this end we highlight key developments in this field that have contributed to the progress achieved to date. Dedicated sections present the variety of suitable reactor designs and set-ups available; a short discussion on the relevance of greener and more sustainable approaches; and selected key applications in the area of bioactive structures. A final section outlines remaining challenges and areas that will benefit from further developments in this fast-moving area. It is hoped that this report provides a valuable update on this important field of synthetic chemistry which may fuel developments in the future.

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Energy‐Efficient Solar Photochemistry with Luminescent Solar Concentrator Based Photomicroreactors

Cited by 86 publications

References 42 publications

Flow Photochemistry: Shine Some Light on Those Tubes!

Flow Photochemistry: Shine Some Light on Those Tubes!

Luminescent Solar Collectors: Quo Vadis?

Continuous Flow Photochemistry for the Preparation of Bioactive Molecules

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