Energy Efficient Probabilistic Switching ON–OFF Operation in Multiantenna Cooperative Wireless Sensor Networks

Abstract

The effective deployment of Internet of Things (IoT) applications such as smart cities, smart farming and smart transport systems must ensure the network robustness, scalability and longevity. Therefore, guaranteeing the successful delivery of information and extending the lifetime of the nodes that make up a wireless sensor network (WSN) are two essential aspects for IoT applications. This work evaluates the performance of a cooperative WSN by adopting two multiantenna schemes: antenna selection (AS) and beamforming transmission using the singular value decomposition (SVD) technique. In addition, cooperation is established according to an ON–OFF probability, so that the RF receiving circuits of the relays are activated in a probabilistic way, aiming at reducing the energy consumption of the sensors, extending their useful lifetime. Our main goal is to increase the amount of information effectively transmitted by the network, keeping an outage probability constraint. The results show that, when both techniques are used, there is a significant gain in the amount of information effectively transmitted by the network, with emphasis on the AS scheme at short transmission distances. By increasing the number of antennas, it was found that a lower ON–OFF probability is required, i.e., a trade-off is established between the nodes’ hardware complexity and their need for cooperation.

Clustering-Based Energy-Efficient Self-Healing Strategy for WSNs under Jamming Attacks

“…The cooperation scheme in the WSNs context is used primarily to improve energy efficiency [ 34 , 35 ]. Cooperation schemes are based on the use of multi-hop communications.…”

“…Then, the ON-OFF probabilities were adjusted to reduce power consumption and maximize the effective information transmitted. This proposal was improved in [ 35 ] by considering the use of multiple antennas in the sensor nodes, as well as power control. However, neither proposal considers how to keep the network running during a jamming attack.…”

“…IoT nodes consume energy in information acquisition and processing, reception and transmission of information, as well as other scheduling and synchronization functions [ 34 , 35 , 49 ]. However, we abstract in this research from all functions not related to communication, to compare the impact of different transmission control and/or cooperative communication strategies.…”

“…However, we abstract in this research from all functions not related to communication, to compare the impact of different transmission control and/or cooperative communication strategies. The consumed energy for each process is calculated considering the meantime of the process and the components involved [ 34 , 35 ].…”

Performance Evaluation of Directional Antennas in ZigBee Networks under NLOS Propagation Conditions

“…As noted, reducing the transmit power lowers the power consumption of the sensor node. This conclusion has led several authors to propose the reduction in transmission power by using directional antennas [8][9][10]. In applications with directional antennas, the beam is oriented in the proper direction to increase the received power level.…”