Energy Efficiency of Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output Architectures: Future 60-GHz Applications

Blandino, Steve; Desset, Claude; Bourdoux, André; Pollin, Sofie

doi:10.1109/mvt.2020.2979719

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Among various possibilities, the HPD solution with such a distortion compensation circuitry has attracted increasing attention because of the capability to handle long-term MEs for the wideband waveforms. An in-depth analysis of [265] serves as a guiding principle to design energy-efficient baseband precoders at high frequencies such as MMW to optimize the intractable distortions of a broadband system.…”

Section: Hybrid Predistortionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predistortion-Based Linearization for 5G and Beyond Millimeter-Wave Transceiver Systems: A Comprehensive Survey

Haider

You

et al. 2022

IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials

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The next-generation (5G/6G) wireless communication aims to leapfrog the currently occupied sub-6 GHz spectrum to the wideband millimeter-wave (MMW) spectrum. However, MMW spectrums with high-order modulation schemes drive the power amplifier (PA) at significant back-off, causing severe nonlinear distortions, thus deteriorating the transceiver's (TRXs) modulation process. Typically, the TRX efficacy is quantified with standardized linearization matrices, which take advantage of different predistortion (PD) schemes to handle deep compression of the PA. In this regard, TRX baseband signals are mostly linearized in the digital domain, where digitally controlled linearization needs higher sampling rates due to increasing MMW bandwidths to compensate for intermodulation (IMD) products, resulting in increased system cost and power consumption. Alternately, the digitally controlled analog-based linearization, i.e., the hybridization of digital predistortion (DPD) and analog predistortion (APD), is highly productive and cost-effective for fulfilling the linearized energy-efficient design vision of MMW networks. Therefore, this paper puts an extensive spotlight on the progress in PD-based linearization for 5G and beyond communications. It first provides background information on the advancements of PD schemes through recent surveys, then classifies the general roadmap of PD waveform processing across the TRX system models as preliminary. After this, we present three prominent PD architectures and their design approaches with intrinsic performance metrics. Finally, we explore four case studies encompassing PD operation under certain nonlinear constraints of different communication schemes. We examine the suitability of PD-based linearization solutions, both existing and proposed till the first quarter of 2022, and identify the potential prospects in this domain.

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Section: Hybrid Predistortionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predistortion-Based Linearization for 5G and Beyond Millimeter-Wave Transceiver Systems: A Comprehensive Survey

Haider

You

et al. 2022

IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials

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“…Furthermore, we consider a partially-connected hybrid system architecture, where only a group of antenna elements is controllable by an RF chain [14]. It is more energy efficient when compared to the fully-connected architecture in which each antenna is connected to a dedicated RF chain [15]. An example of the partially-connected architecture with four RF chains is depicted in Fig.…”

Section: System Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the hybrid architecture, the analog power consumption is affected by the number of RF chains and antenna elements used at the BS and UE. Following the power consumption per analog component such as phased-locked loop, local oscillator, splitter/combiner, phase shifter and mixer provided in [15], we calculate the energy consumption by a UE and the multiple involved BSs during the association process for different beam training methods.…”

Section: Energy Consumptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association in Dense Cell-Free mmWave Networks

Hersyandika

Wang

Pollin

2021

ICC 2021 - IEEE International Conference on Communications

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We exploit a dense cell-free mmWave network where User Equipments (UEs) are served by multiple highly directional beams provided by multiple Base Stations (BSs) simultaneously. Such multi-beam scenarios can either offer high spectral efficiency when different information is transmitted through each beam or a diversity gain when each beam transmits the same information. However, this increased spectral efficiency or diversity gain costs a more complex network association phase. A UE requires finding multiple nearby serving BSs and determining the optimal beam pair for each one. Thus, an efficient association process is urgently needed. In this work, we propose a UE-initiated association method for dense cell-free mmWave networks. We design an efficient beam training mechanism with multiple BSs using hybrid beamforming. We evaluate the proposed association method under different network configurations. The simulation results show that compared to traditional solutions, our proposed association method can lead to maximally 100% faster beam training and reduce energy consumption by up to 77%. The proposed UE-initiated association method is also scalable to the number of RF chains and antennas at BSs and UEs, making it very suitable for dense cell-free networks.

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“…Moving to higher frequencies, at 60 GHz, HPC is the most energy-efficient architecture when there are a few users (less interference suppression needed) [11]. On the other hand, FD architecture is favorable when the number of users increases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revisiting energy-efficient hybrid and digital beamforming architectures above 100 GHz

Ertuğrul,

Desset,

Pollin

2023

2023 IEEE 97th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2023-Spring)

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Millimeter-wave spectrum (30 to 300 GHz) is explored in order to provide higher throughput by exploiting the large bandwidth available. At those frequencies, multiple antenna systems are essential to combat severe path loss. Fully digital (FD) architectures, where each antenna connects to its own baseband chain, are considered the most energy-efficient at low frequencies while enabling multi-user multiplexing. However, unlike lower frequencies, channel propagation above 100 GHz is heavily line-of-sight dominated and the operating bandwidth is much larger which poses different constraints on signaling schemes and hardware components. The optimal beamforming architecture configuration is still an open problem above 100 GHz. To address this problem, we compare energy-efficient beamforming architectures for the D-band (110-170 GHz). We estimate the energy efficiency of future systems by following the technology trends in circuit implementation. We show that hybrid fully connected architecture is the most energy-efficient for the 7nm technology node and size-constrained antenna arrays. Hybrid partially connected architecture is the most energyefficient for unconstrained antenna arrays. We show that FD architecture becomes energy-efficient for technology nodes better than 2nm.

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Energy Efficiency of Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output Architectures: Future 60-GHz Applications

Cited by 11 publications

References 10 publications

Predistortion-Based Linearization for 5G and Beyond Millimeter-Wave Transceiver Systems: A Comprehensive Survey

Predistortion-Based Linearization for 5G and Beyond Millimeter-Wave Transceiver Systems: A Comprehensive Survey

Association in Dense Cell-Free mmWave Networks

Revisiting energy-efficient hybrid and digital beamforming architectures above 100 GHz

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