Energy efficiency in the German residential sector: A bottom-up building-stock-model-based analysis in the context of energy-political targets

McKenna, Russell; Merkel, Erik; Fehrenbach, Daniel; Mehne, Stephanie; Fïchtner, Wolf

doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.01.002

Cited by 85 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…for France: [9][10]; for Germany: [11] [12]; for Spain: [13] [14]; and for the UK: [15][16] [17][18] [19]). For instance, only heated floor areas or the number of buildings are provided.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Building-stock aggregation through archetype buildings: France, Germany, Spain and the UK

Mata

Kalagasidis

Johnsson

2014

Building and Environment

203

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(150 -200 words)Knowledge regarding the characteristics of national building stocks is fundamental to understanding how the energy performance of the building stock can be improved. To facilitate large diversity and a number of buildings for such analyses, this paper presents a methodology by which national building stocks may be aggregated through archetype buildings. The methodology has been implemented and verified in four EU countries in regions with different climates, namely France, Germany, Spain and the UK. These countries account for about half of the final energy consumption of the EU-28 buildings. The analysis includes the residential and non-residential sectors (residential sector only for Germany). The number of archetypes per country has been defined according to different categories of building type, construction year, climate region and the main fuel source for heating purposes. The accuracy of the description is validated by simulating energy demand using the ECCABS Building Stock Model, and comparing the final energy demand modelled with corresponding statistical data. The total final energy demand calculated for these countries differs from available statistics by between -6% and +2 %, which is considered satisfactory. The proposed description of the building stock is being used as a basis for analyzing the potential for and cost of energy conservation measures. KEYWORDSarchetype buildings, EU building stock, energy demand, ECCABS Model, energy simulation 2

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“…for France: [9][10]; for Germany: [11] [12]; for Spain: [13] [14]; and for the UK: [15][16] [17][18] [19]). For instance, only heated floor areas or the number of buildings are provided.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Building-stock aggregation through archetype buildings: France, Germany, Spain and the UK

Mata

Kalagasidis

Johnsson

2014

Building and Environment

203

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“…On the one hand there is a large potential for energy efficiency improvements on the demand side. This means the refurbishment of existing, and higher standards in new buildings, whereby the greatest challenge lies in the former area due to their sheer number (McKenna et al 2013). On the other hand, renewable and highly efficient energy sources promises to meet the remaining demand with low or zero carbon energy supply.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy autonomy in residential buildings: A techno-economic model-based analysis of the scale effects

2017

Self Cite

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An increasingly decentralized energy supply structure alongside economic incentives for increasing the level of self-generation and -consumption are encouraging (higher levels of) energy autonomy. Previous work in this area has focused on the technical and economic aspects of energy autonomy at distinct scales, from individual buildings, through neighbourhoods to districts. This paper employs a mixed integer linear program (MILP) to assess the effects of aggregation across these scales on the economics of energy autonomy in residential buildings. The model minimizes total energy system costs over the lifetime of the energy system, including micro-CHP, PV, thermal and electrical storage, and boilers, at five distinct scales and for nine demand cases. It is subject to several constraints, amongst other things the degree of electrical self-sufficiency. The results indicate a shift in the economically optimal level of electrical self-sufficiency with scale, which in Single Family Households (SFHs) means from around 30% at the individual building level to almost 100% in districts of 1000 SFH households. Above around 560 households it could be economically advantageous to make a district of residential buildings electrically self-sufficient. In addition, a marginal increase in electrical self-sufficiency is significantly more expensive at lower aggregation scales (i.e. single buildings) compared to the scale of neighbourhoods and districts. The level of interaction with the electrical distribution network increases with increasing electrical self-sufficiency before then decreasing at very high (above 70%) levels. Future work should focus on a richer socioeconomic differentiation, considering other sectors and technologies, incorporating demand side options and analysing the effects on the overarching energy system. AbstractAn increasingly decentralized energy supply structure alongside economic incentives for increasing the level of self-generation and -consumption are encouraging (higher levels of) energy autonomy. Previous work in this area has focused on the technical and economic aspects of energy autonomy at distinct scales, from individual buildings, through neighbourhoods to districts. This paper employs a mixed integer linear program (MILP) to assess the effects of aggregation across these scales on the economics of energy autonomy in residential buildings. The model minimizes total energy system costs over the lifetime of the energy system, including micro-CHP, PV, thermal and electrical storage, and boilers, at five distinct scales and for nine demand cases. It is subject to several constraints, amongst other things the degree of electrical self-sufficiency. The results indicate a shift in the economically optimal level of electrical self-sufficiency with scale, which in Single Family Households (SFHs) means from around 30% at the individual building level to almost 100% in districts of 1000 SFH households. Above around 560 households it could be economically advantageous to make a district of residential b...

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“…However, one should note that heat demand can vary greatly in the building stock of a given type due to different materials used in the past for buildings construction and insulation (modern materials have much lower U-values of materials and building's elements, which at present are determined by the law), different building design, different internal and external heat gains, different behaviors of residents, and different requirements in terms of thermal comfort. Often, building stock models (BSM) associate specific heat demand coefficients with the construction year of the building [24]. However, for buildings in Krakow, such data is not included in the available spatial datasets.…”

Section: Mid-term Projectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping Urban Heat Demand with the Use of GIS-Based Tools

Wyrwa¹,

Chen²

2017

Energies

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This article presents a bottom-up approach for calculation of the useful heat demand for space heating and hot water preparation using geo-referenced datasets for buildings at the city level. This geographic information system (GIS) based approach was applied in the case study for the city of Krakow, where on the one hand the district heat network is well developed, while on the other hand there are still substantial number of buildings burning solid fuels in individual boilers and stoves, causing air pollution. The calculated heat demand was aggregated in the grid with 100 m × 100 m spatial resolution to deliver the heat map depicting the current situation for 21 buildings types. The results show that the residential buildings, in particular one-and multi-family buildings, have the highest share in overall demand for heat. By combining the results with location of the district heat (DH) network, the potential areas in its close vicinity that have sufficient heat demand density for developing the net were pointed out. Future evolution in heat demand for space heating in one-family houses was evaluated with the use of deterministic method employing building stock model. The study lays a foundation for planning the development of the heating system at the city level.

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Energy efficiency in the German residential sector: A bottom-up building-stock-model-based analysis in the context of energy-political targets

Cited by 85 publications

References 7 publications

Building-stock aggregation through archetype buildings: France, Germany, Spain and the UK

Building-stock aggregation through archetype buildings: France, Germany, Spain and the UK

Energy autonomy in residential buildings: A techno-economic model-based analysis of the scale effects

Mapping Urban Heat Demand with the Use of GIS-Based Tools

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