Energy efficiency analysis for a kilo-watt class vanadium redox flow battery system

Pugach, Mikhail; Vyshinsky, V.; Bischi, Aldo

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113533

Cited by 40 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Fig. 2 also shows that most polarization curves V (I) of IS-VRFB exhibit a linear behavior at low I values, indicating that the activation losses are small compared to the other two terms, as reported in the literature for other VRFB systems by Chen et al [49], Ressel et al [50], and Pugach et al [51], so that we can assume:…”

Section: Analysis Of Cell Overpotential Lossessupporting

confidence: 66%

Enhancing the efficiency of kW-class vanadium redox flow batteries by flow factor modulation: An experimental method

2020

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The paper presents a control method of the electrolyte flow factor in kW-class Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries that minimizes transport losses without affecting the battery's electrical performance. This method uses experimental data acquired on a 9 kW/27kWh test facility at varying operating conditions. The effects of overpotentials on the polarization curves are then modeled as nonlinear electrical resistances that vary with the stack current, state of charge and electrolyte flow rates. Our analysis of these variables shows that the optimal performance is found if the flow factor is modulated during operation according to stack current and the battery state, so as to minimize the overall flow-dependent losses. The optimal profiles have been identified as functions of the battery's operating conditions. Based on these results, a dynamic control for the electrolyte flow rates has been implemented at a software level (i.e. without modifying the hardware of the test facility), which is capable of maximizing the round-trip efficiency and exceeds the performance achieved with a constant flow factor strategy, as proposed in previous literature. The implementation of the optimal flow rate control requires a preliminary test campaign to collect performance data, which are then used in the control protocol to manage the battery's operation. This scheme is easily implementable at a software level in other industrial redox flow batteries.

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Section: Analysis Of Cell Overpotential Lossessupporting

confidence: 66%

Enhancing the efficiency of kW-class vanadium redox flow batteries by flow factor modulation: An experimental method

2020

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“…For example, the capacity of Li-ion batteries fades when the charging/discharging operation employs high frequencies [5]. In addition, redox flow batteries are usually cost-effective, but they require long-term usage and large-scale applications [6,7]. By contrast, supercapacitors (SCs) and flywheels can quickly respond Energies 2021, 14, 7045 2 of 22 to high power demands and feature long lifetimes, which are suitable for small-scale applications with rapid charge and discharge requirements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study of the Energy Exchange within a Hybrid Energy Storage System and a Comparison of the Capacities, Lifetimes, and Costs of Different Systems

Yang

Månsson

2021

Energies

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By combining the advantages of different energy storage technologies, the hybrid energy storage system (HESS) can satisfy the multiple requirements of prosumer systems. However, the required capacity of the HESS is larger than that of the single-battery energy storage system (ESS). This paper investigates the energy exchange within the HESS caused by the phase shift of the low-pass filter controller and its relevant impact on the HESS. The results show that unnecessary energy exchange results in an oversized capacity and increased energy loss. In addition, the increase in the time constant of the low-pass filter controller leads to a larger phase shift, further contributing to the increases in the total capacity and energy loss. Furthermore, this paper compares the single-battery ESS, the battery-supercapacitor HESS, and the battery-flywheel HESS implemented in a household-prosumer system along with a renewable energy source (RES). The comparison of the ESS combinations demonstrates the differences between their power flows, the required capacities of their individual energy storage devices (ESDs), their energy losses, their battery lifetimes, and their project costs. The results indicate that techno-economic analysis should be performed carefully to select the appropriate ESS solution for specific household-prosumer systems.

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“…M. Skyllas-Kazacos et al first put forward the VRFB in the 1980s [ 6 ]. M. Pugach et al proposed a new methodology for estimation of the key characteristics for a commercial scale (5 KW/15 KWh) VRFB at different operating conditions [ 7 ]. T. Sarkar et al approached the optimal design and implementation of a solar PV–wind–biogas–VRFB storage integrated smart hybrid microgrid to ensure zero loss of power supply [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerium/Ascorbic Acid/Iodine Active Species for Redox Flow Energy Storage Battery

et al. 2021

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In this study, we developed a novel cerium/ascorbic acid/iodine active species to design a redox flow battery (RFB), in which the cerium nitrate hexahydrate [Ce(NO3)3·6H2O] was used as a positive Ce3+/Ce4+ ion pair, and the potassium iodate (KIO3) containing ascorbic acid was used as a negative I2/I− ion pair. In order to improve the electrochemical activity and to avoid cross-contamination of the redox pair ions, the electroless plating and sol–gel method were applied to modify the carbon paper electrode and the Nafion 117 membrane. The electrocatalytic and electrochemical properties of the composite electrode using methanesulfonic acid as a supporting electrolyte were assessed using the cyclic voltammetry (CV) test. The results showed that the Ce (III)/Ce (IV) active species presented a symmetric oxidation/reduction current ratio (1.09) on the C–TiO2–PdO composite electrode. Adding a constant amount of ascorbic acid to the iodine solution led to a good reversible oxidation/reduction reaction. Therefore, a novel Ce/ascorbic acid/I RFB was developed with C–TiO2–PdO composite electrodes and modified Nafion 117–SiO2–SO3H membrane using the staggered-type flow channel, of which the energy efficiency (EE%) can reach about 72%. The Ce/ascorbic acid/I active species can greatly reduce the electrolyte cost compared to the all-vanadium redox flow battery system, and it therefore has greater development potential.

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Energy efficiency analysis for a kilo-watt class vanadium redox flow battery system

Cited by 40 publications

References 58 publications

Enhancing the efficiency of kW-class vanadium redox flow batteries by flow factor modulation: An experimental method

Enhancing the efficiency of kW-class vanadium redox flow batteries by flow factor modulation: An experimental method

A Study of the Energy Exchange within a Hybrid Energy Storage System and a Comparison of the Capacities, Lifetimes, and Costs of Different Systems

Cerium/Ascorbic Acid/Iodine Active Species for Redox Flow Energy Storage Battery

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