Energy drink ingredients. Contribution of caffeine and taurine to performance outcomes

Peacock, Amy; Martin, F; Carr, Andrea

doi:10.1016/j.appet.2012.12.021

Cited by 55 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…taurine) (Marczinski et al, 2012). Although there are many purportedly ‘performance-enhancing’ ingredients in these beverages, caffeine is largely considered to be the primary psychoactive ingredient (Giles et al, 2012, Peacock et al, 2013b). As energy drinks contain more caffeine than standard cola (~30–50 mg) and alcohol mixers are often consumed in a binge fashion (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Wired,” Yet Intoxicated: Modeling Binge Caffeine and Alcohol Co‐Consumption in the Mouse

Fritz

Companion

Boehm

2014

Alcoholism Clin & Exp Res

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Background The combination of highly caffeinated ‘energy drinks’ with alcohol (ethanol) has become popular among young adults and intoxication via such beverages has been associated with an elevated risk for harmful behaviors. However, there are discrepancies in the human literature regarding the effect of caffeine on alcohol intoxication, perhaps due to confounding factors such as personality type, expectancy, and history of exposure. Animal models of co-exposure are resistant to such issues, however, the consequences of voluntary co-consumption have been largely ignored in the animal literature. The primary goal of this work was to characterize a mouse model of binge caffeine and ethanol co-consumption employing the limited-access ‘Drinking-in-the-Dark’ paradigm (DID). Methods Caffeine was added to a 20% alcohol solution via DID. Alcohol/caffeine intake, locomotor behavior, ataxia, anxiety-like behavior, and cognitive function were evaluated as a consequence of co-consumption in adult male C57BL/6J mice. Results Caffeine did not substantially alter binge alcohol intake or resultant BECs, nor did it alter alcohol’s anxiolytic effects on the elevated plus maze or cognitive interfering effects in a novel object recognition task. However, no evidence of alcohol-induced sedation was observed in co-consumption groups that instead demonstrated a highly stimulated state similar to that of caffeine alone. The addition of caffeine was also found to mitigate alcohol-induced ataxia. Conclusions Taken together, our mouse model indicates that binge co-consumption of caffeine and alcohol produces a stimulated, less ataxic and anxious, as well as cognitively altered state; a state that could be of great public health concern. These results appear to resemble the colloquially-identified ‘wide awake drunk’ state that individuals seek via consumption of such beverages. This self-administration model therefore offers the capacity for translationally-valid explorations of the neurobiological consequences of binge co-consumption in order to assess the public health risk of this drug combination.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Wired,” Yet Intoxicated: Modeling Binge Caffeine and Alcohol Co‐Consumption in the Mouse

Fritz

Companion

Boehm

2014

Alcoholism Clin & Exp Res

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“…sugars, amino acids, etc. ), however caffeine is largely considered to be the primary psychoactive ingredient (Attwood et al, 2012; Giles et al, 2012; Peacock et al, 2013b). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concomitant Caffeine Increases Binge Consumption of Ethanol in Adolescent and Adult Mice, But Produces Additive Motor Stimulation Only in Adolescent Animals

Fritz

Quoilin

Kasten

et al. 2016

Alcoholism Clin & Exp Res

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Background Binge co-consumption of highly caffeinated energy drinks with alcohol (ethanol) has become a common practice among adolescents/young adults and has been associated with an increased incidence of hazardous behaviors. Animal models are critical in advancing our understanding the neurobehavioral consequences of this form of binge drinking. Surprisingly, virtually no work has explored caffeine and ethanol co-consumption or its long-term consequences in adolescent animals. The primary objective of the current study was to extend a previously established mouse model of voluntary binge caffeine and ethanol co-consumption to explore adolescent consumption and responses compared to adults. Methods Adolescent and adult male C57BL/6J mice had daily limited access to caffeine (0.03% w/v), ethanol (20% (v/v), a combined ethanol/caffeine solution, or water for 14 days via the binge-like drinking paradigm, Drinking-in-the-Dark. Home cage locomotor activity was measured during DID in a subset of mice. Following DID, all mice rested for 18 days so that adolescents reached adulthood, whereupon all mice underwent 7 days of continuous access two-bottle choice drinking for 10% (v/v) ethanol or water. Results Co-consumption with caffeine significantly increased ethanol intake and resultant blood ethanol concentrations in both adolescent and adult mice. In addition, adolescent mice exhibited a uniquely robust locomotor stimulant response to caffeine and ethanol co-consumption. Later ethanol intake and preference was not influenced, however, by prior fluid consumption history via DID. Conclusion Together with findings from the human literature, our results suggest that caffeine co-consumption may positively influence binge alcohol consumption in adolescents/young adults. Importantly, this age group may be particularly sensitive to the additive stimulant effects of caffeinated alcohol consumption, an effect which may be related to the high incidence of associated negative outcomes in this population. These observations are particularly concerning considering the heightened plasticity of the adolescent brain.

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“…Combination of 80 mg Caffeine and 1000 mg Taurine posses performance-enhancing effects [39] in athletics. Supplements containing a combination of Caffeine and Taurine have been shown to enhance ventricular function by increasing stroke volume [35].…”

Section: Effects Of Energy Supplements Containing Combination Of Cafmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Some Pharmacological Effects of Caffeine and Taurine in Food Supplements

Tsvetkova¹,

Klisurov²,

Pankova³

et al. 2015

IJNFS

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Abstract:In modern times in all age groups energy supplements containing different amounts of Caffeine and Taurine are applied. Caffeine is purine alkaloid, which stimulates central nervous system action, enhances the strength and frequency of the cardiac contractions and increases the excretion of urine. Taurine is a sulfur containing amino acid, which possesses many fundamental biological roles including: effect on synaptic transmission in the central nervous system, cardiotropic action, antioxidant and anticonvulsant activity, improvement of energy processes, stimulation of reparative processes in tissues, protection of eyes cataract, decrease of cholesterol and stimulation of immune system. The combination of Caffeine and Taurine provide benefit due to obtaining synergism of pharmacological effects in increasing of physical activity, stimulation of brain action, cognition, memory and attention. In connection with the significant enlarging of the consumption of energy drinks, especially by children and young people in recent years the requirements for regulation and control of the labeling of these products in many countries are enlarged. In many food additives Caffeine and Taurine are added in not labeled high concentrations, which can provoke and increase their side effects. High consumption of Caffeine enhances its adverse effects on body: anxiety, headache, insomnia, nervousness, respiratory disorders, tachycardia, tremor, dehydration. In children the adverse reactions of Caffeine in much lower doses than adults are occurred. In high concentrations Taurine has adverse effects on brain activity and can induce psoriasis. The result of combination of Caffeine and Taurine is associated with increased diuretic effect and loss of water and salts from the body, especially in children and young people. Because of these facts the quality and quantity control of included compounds in food supplements is important for their health safety.

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Energy drink ingredients. Contribution of caffeine and taurine to performance outcomes

Cited by 55 publications

References 23 publications

“Wired,” Yet Intoxicated: Modeling Binge Caffeine and Alcohol Co‐Consumption in the Mouse

“Wired,” Yet Intoxicated: Modeling Binge Caffeine and Alcohol Co‐Consumption in the Mouse

Concomitant Caffeine Increases Binge Consumption of Ethanol in Adolescent and Adult Mice, But Produces Additive Motor Stimulation Only in Adolescent Animals

Investigation of Some Pharmacological Effects of Caffeine and Taurine in Food Supplements

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