Energy dependence of the titanium, chromium, and manganese 3p photoionization cross sections using synchrotron radiation

Quantitative oxidation-state determination of titanium and manganese in binary oxide mixtures by photoelectron spectroscopy

“…In this procedure a quantity proportional to the integrated intensity at higher kinetic energy is subtracted from the intensity at each point of the peak. Because the oxides of a given transition metal are similar to one another in structure and electronic properties (relative to other types of materials), the degree of inelastic scattering should also be similar (4). The experimentally measured inelastic contributions for the two oxides of Ti and for those of Mn were the same within ±5%.…”

“…The use of the 2p line should improve the resolution of contiguous oxidation states because the spin-orbit splitting of the 2p transition is resolved and, thus, its natural line width is narrower than that of the 3p transition. Additionally, the 1-GeV ring will provide the opportunity to examine the energy dependence of the 2p transition to determine the energy of maximum sensitivity in a manner analogous to our previous study (4).…”

“…This measurement is important to many diverse areas such as heterogeneous catalysis (active site (1) and support characterization (2)) and lunar geochemistry (accurate prediction of the chemical composition of lunar rocks based on limited analyses (3)). As a first step, we measured the energy dependence of the Ti, Cr, and Mn 3p subshell photoionization cross sections from 90 to 200 eV by using synchrotron radiation to find the photon energy (and other experimental conditions) that would maximize the sensitivity (4). From the measured 3p cross sections and an evaluation of the light flux available from the monochromator at a given resolution, it was determined that photon energies of 90,100, and 105 eV for Ti, Cr, and Mn, respectively, would maximize signal levels.…”