Energy dependence of the effective atomic number of alloys

Studies on effective atomic numbers and electron densities of nucleobases in DNA

“…Beyond 100 keV, Z eff is independent of photon energy for all the biological compounds. The present theoretical results are similar to the theoretical results of Mudahar and Singh (1991), who have reported similar types of variation of Z eff for alloys. The present theoretical results are similar to the experimental findings of Parthasaradhi (1968) who has reported the constancy of Compton Z eff in the energy range from 100 to 662 keV for some alloys.…”

“…Some empirically deduced formulae have also been reported (Shaltzer, 1979) but their validity is limited to the experimental conditions. Mudahar et al (1991) has calculated Z eff for different alloys. Ozyol (1994) evaluated the Z eff for different biological materials and Singh et al (2002) has measured Z eff for different glasses.…”

Partial as Well as Total Photon Interaction Effective Atomic Numbers for Some Concretes

“…Many researchers had contributed in finding out the effective atomic numbers of composite materials such as for solvents [2], organic acids [3], alloys [4], soils [5], glasses [6], polymers [7] and for some thermoluminescent dosimetric compounds [8] etc. Different methodologies were applied by different research groups, but the most common were (i) by taking the ratio of atomic to electronic cross-section of the composite material and (ii) interpolating the cross-section values of composite material among the cross-section values of the elements.…”

“…The rapid decrease in the effective atomic number values with increasing energy has been observed in this region. The crosssection for photoelectric absorption varies with atomic number as Z [4][5] and with incident photon energy as E -3.5 . Due to the strong dependence of photoelectric process on atomic number and energy, maximum variation has been observed in this region.…”

Radioactivity Control of Composite Materials Using Low Energy Photon Radiation

“…Study of Z eff provides conclusive information about the target with which the radiation interacts (El-Kateb, Rizk et al 2000). Z eff can be determined also from the plots of atomic cross-sections versus atomic numbers of the individual elements (Mudahar, Singh et al 1991;Parthasaradhi, Esposito et al 1992).…”