Energy Costs of Incubation and Moult in Petrels and Penguins

Croxall, J. P.

doi:10.2307/4318

Cited by 142 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Croxall (1982) estimated in a number of penguin species that the energy cost of incubation was 1.2-1.4 times the BMR, which is similar to that found in the present study (1.3ϫ BMR; calculated from the formula of Ellis, 1984 Barré, 1980;3.7±0.1·W·kg -1 , Froget et al, 2001). More interestingly, fH, and thus FMR est , was at its lowest when the birds were at sea during the first part of the foraging trip (travelling before the first diving bout), and during a diving bout (Table·3).…”

Section: Estimated Metabolic Ratesupporting

confidence: 79%

Heart rate and energetics of free-ranging king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus)

Froget

Butler

Woakes

et al. 2004

Journal of Experimental Biology

106

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SUMMARY The main objective of this study was to determine heart rate(fh) and the energetic costs of specific behaviours of king penguins while ashore and while foraging at sea during their breeding period. In particular, an estimate was made of the energetic cost of diving in order to determine the proportion of dives that may exceed the calculated aerobic dive limit (cADL; estimated usable O2 stores/estimated rate of oxygen consumption during diving). An implanted data logger enabled fh and diving behaviour to be monitored from 10 free-ranging king penguins during their breeding period. Using previously determined calibration equations, it was possible to estimate rate of oxygen consumption(V̇O2) when the birds were ashore and during various phases of their foraging trips. Diving behaviour showed a clear diurnal pattern, with a mixture of deep (>40 m),long (>3 min) and shallow (<40 m), short (<3 min) dives from dawn to dusk and shallow, short dives at night. Heart rate during dive bouts and dive cycles (dive + post-dive interval) was 42% greater than that when the birds were ashore. During diving, fh was similar to the `ashore'value (87±4 beats min–1), but it did decline to 76% of the value recorded from king penguins resting in water. During the first hour after a diving bout, fh was significantly higher than the average value during diving (101±4 beats min–1) and for the remainder of the dive bout. Rates of oxygen consumption estimated from these (and other) values of fh indicate that when at sea, metabolic rate (MR) was 83%greater than that when the birds were ashore [3.15 W kg–1(–0.71, +0.93), where the values in parentheses are the computed standard errors of the estimate], while during diving bouts and dive cycles,it was 73% greater than the `ashore' value. Although estimated MR during the total period between dive bouts was not significantly different from that during dive bouts [5.44 W kg–1 (–0.30, +0.32)], MR during the first hour following a dive bout was 52% greater than that during a diving bout. It is suggested that this large increase following diving(foraging) activity is, at least in part, the result of rewarming the body,which occurs at the end of a diving bout. From the measured behaviour and estimated values of V̇O2, it was evident that approximately 35% of the dives were in excess of the cADL. Even if V̇O2 during diving was assumed to be the same as when the birds were resting on water,approximately 20% of dives would exceed the cADL. As V̇O2 during diving is, in fact, that estimated for a complete dive cycle, it is quite feasible that V̇O2 during diving itself is less than that measured for birds resting in water. It is suggested that the regional hypothermia that has been recorded in this species during diving bouts may be at least a contributing factor to such hypometabolism.

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Section: Estimated Metabolic Ratesupporting

confidence: 79%

Heart rate and energetics of free-ranging king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus)

Froget

Butler

Woakes

et al. 2004

Journal of Experimental Biology

106

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“…276-277) of birds. Since fat has been estimated to be the major source (55 %) of energy in penguins (Croxall 1982;Costa et al 1986), fat reserve can be a more direct measure of body condition than body mass (Rogers 1991). However, measuring or estimating fat content in a bird is difficult to conduct in the field (e.g., Rogers 1991).…”

Section: Body Condition Of Penguinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We obtained daily body mass loss data during the incubation spell from 27 penguins (13 males and 14 females) at Oamaru and 22 penguins (11 males and 11 females) at Motuara Island by weighing them at intervals of 2-7 days, except one female weighed daily for two consecutive days at Oamaru. To estimate body mass of a bird before/after weighing, we used an equation taken from Croxall (1982)…”

Section: Body Condition Of Penguinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prolonged foraging trips and egg desertion in little penguins (Eudyptula minor)

Numata

Davis

Renner

2000

New Zealand Journal of Zoology

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Penguins share incubation duties between the male and female of a pair. The one left on the nest must fast while its partner is foraging at sea. Nest attendance patterns during the incubation period reflect the way time is allocated between the conflicting demands of incubation and foraging. We conducted daily nest checks for little penguins (Eudyptula minor) at two localities in New Zealand (Motuara Island in the Marlborough Sounds and Oamaru, Otago) in the 1998/99 breeding season and found significant variation in nest attendance between the two areas. Penguins breeding at Motuara Island made significantly longer foraging trips and were in poorer body condition than those breeding at Oamaru. Foraging trip durations were significantly correlated with the body condition of birds at both areas: the poorer the condition, the longer the foraging trip durations. The increased risk of egg desertion observed at Motuara Island is probably a consequence of the prolonged foraging trips that limit the time available for incubation.

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“…Nutritional costs of moult are primarily associated with increased amino acid metabolism necessary for renewal of feathers, as well as with increased heat loss caused by reduced insulation (Lindström et al 1993;Klaassen 1995;Portugal et al 2007). Feather production results in a deposition of proteins that constitute up to 25% of lean body mass (Murphy and Taruscio 1995), and this process is associated with substantial increase of metabolic rate (Croxall 1982;Guillemette et al 2007). Also, flight-feather moult may impose additional energetic costs resulting from reduced flight performance (Swaddle and Witter 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leukocyte profiles indicate nutritional, but not moulting stress in a migratory shorebird, the Common Snipe (Gallinago gallinago)

et al. 2017

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The relative ratio of the two main leukocyte types, heterophils (H) and lymphocytes (L), is known to change proportionally to the concentrations of stress hormones in the circulating blood. Thus, analysis of leukocyte profiles serves as a reliable proxy of stress in vertebrates, as high H/L ratios indicate stronger stress response. Moult and migration are among the most energetically demanding and nutritionally stressful processes in the annual cycle of wild birds. Although most birds separate these two activities in time, a moult-migration overlap has been reported for several avian species. The aim of this study was to examine whether overlapping energy requirements of moult and migration produce an increased organismal stress in a shorebird species, the Common Snipe (Gallinago gallinago). For this purpose, we assessed leukocyte profiles and nutritional condition in more than 350 moulting and non-moulting snipe during autumn migration through central Europe. We found negative correlations between H/L ratios and different measures of condition, including size-corrected body mass, fat load, and plasma concentrations of triglycerides and total protein. However, no evidence was found for the effect of moult status on H/L ratios. Our study indicates that while migration in a poor nutritional state can be associated with elevated stress response, the process of feather replacement may not constitute a serious stress for migrating Common Snipe. We suggest that these results may help to explain the occurrence of moult-migration overlap in the Common Snipe and possibly in other avian species.

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Energy Costs of Incubation and Moult in Petrels and Penguins

Cited by 142 publications

References 29 publications

Heart rate and energetics of free-ranging king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus)

Heart rate and energetics of free-ranging king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus)

Prolonged foraging trips and egg desertion in little penguins (Eudyptula minor)

Leukocyte profiles indicate nutritional, but not moulting stress in a migratory shorebird, the Common Snipe (Gallinago gallinago)

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