Energy Consumption and CO₂ Emissions: A Threshold Error Correction and Threshold Granger Causality Analysis

Abstract

Energy is one of the key factors of maintaining a quality life with economic and social development. Accordingly, measuring the development level of a given country can be possible by considering the development level of the energy sector of that country. The purpose of this study is to examine the relation between the consumption of several energy resources classified as fossil, renewable and nuclear resources with carbon dioxide emission. For this purpose, monthly data of the U.S.A. covering the period of 1990-2011 were used and Threshold Error Correction and Threshold Granger Causality analyses were carried out with the Hansen and Seo (2002) approach. Findings of the study indicate the presence of a causality relation between the consumption levels of the discussed energy resources and CO2 emission.

Moving towards sustainable environmental development for BRICS: Investigating the asymmetric effect of natural resources on CO2

“…Although there was no causality linking clean energy consumption and growth, empirical results confirmed a short‐run link among greenhouse gas emissions and renewable energy. Çağlayan and Güriş (2013) explored the relationship among different energy sources and emissions in the United States, covering the period of 1990–2011. Based on the econometric results, the researchers illustrated that there was a bidirectional causal link between emissions and coal fuel, emissions and natural gas consumption, emissions and nuclear electric consumption, emissions and petroleum fuel, and emissions and solar energy.…”

Renovating buildings by modelling energy–CO2 emissions using particle swarm optimization and artificial neural network (case study: Iran)

“…Results point to the causal connection between consumption levels and CO 2 emission. 35 Furthermore, the relationship between the carbon-energy factor and the proportion of coal was extracted and was found to be linear, 36 as predicted. The equation involved y = 0.008x + 0.2765 with R 2 = 0.9337, p ‹ 0.001.…”

“…As a confirmation of our findings, several other research studies have illustrated the linear relation between energy consumption and CO 2 emission. 35–37 However, the equation-wise findings differed from each other due to the distinct conditions and energy resource usage of each country.…”

“…As a confirmation of our findings, several other research studies have illustrated the linear relation between energy consumption and CO 2 emission. [35][36][37] However, the…”