Energy conservation behavior of university occupants in Kuwait: A multigroup analysis

Pro-Environmental Conservation Behavior Through the Lens of Norm Activation Model: A Systematic Review (2018–2023)

“…This comprehensive review reveals significant advancements in the model's effectiveness by integrating additional constructs into NAM. Expanding the scope within pro-environmental contexts involves diverse elements, such as belief in benefits, knowledge, values, risk perception, self-identity, motivation, subjective norms, attitude, and perceived behavioral control as supplementary constructs to enhance NAM predictability (e.g., Ru et al, 2018;Khan et al, 2019;Agag & Colmekcioglu, 2020;Zhang et al, 2020;Irfan et al, 2021;Liu et al, 2021;Masrahi et al, 2021;Alomari et al, 2022;Elahi et al, 2022;Hasheem et al, 2022;Javid et al, 2022;Lou et al, 2022;Pagliuca et al, 2022;Singha et al, 2022;Tang et al, 2022;Ali et al, 2023;Esfandiar et al, 2023;Long et al, 2023;Maminirina et al, 2023;Mu et al, 2023;Ong et al, 2023;Shanmugavel & Balakrishnan, 2023;Sogari et al, 2023;Tan et al, 2023) While recognizing the value of NAM's original constructs, current research advocates for their expansion by integrating additional factors to improve the predictive accuracy of individuals' pro-environmental behavior. Similarly, in studies focusing on pro-environment behavior, augmenting constructs like benefit beliefs have demonstrated enhanced predictive capability (e.g., Wang et al, 2018;Bobeth & Kastner, 2020).…”

“…Similarly, recent studies have increasingly highlighted the pivotal role of additional elements such as knowledge, values, and risk perception in bolstering the predictive accuracy of models employed within environmental research. Several studies (Alomari et al, 2022;Elahi et al, 2022;Pagliuca et al, 2022;Mu et al, 2023) have shown that knowledge has a direct effect on behavior intentions, while others (Xie et al, 2021;Hasheem et al, 2022;Obuobi et al, 2022) have shown that knowledge has an indirect effect. Furthermore, the moderating role of knowledge has been elucidated (Kim & Hwang, 2020), demonstrating its nuanced effects based on different types and levels across diverse samples and geographic regions.…”

“…Additionally, constructs (e.g., subjective norm, attitude, and perceived behavioral control) from theory of planned behavior are highlighted for their substantial roles in enhancing the predictability of norm activation model (Khan et al, 2019;Irfan et al, 2021;Liu et al, 2021;Alomari et al, 2022;Elahi et al, 2022;Hasheem et al, 2022;Javid et al, 2022;Lou et al, 2022;Esfandiar et al, 2023;Long et al, 2023;Maminirina et al, 2023). Yet, conflicting findings persist regarding the relationship between subjective norms and behavioral intentions, often contingent on cultural settings or organizational constraints.…”

“…Only a small portion (around 2%) of the research originated directly from the fundamental constructs of NAM itself, while about 58% incorporated concepts from other behavioral models into NAM and about 39% integrated NAM with other behavioral theories such as the integration of NAM with VBN by Ho and Tang (2022), or TPB by Maminirina et al, 2023. The majority (58.49%) utilized an expanded version of NAM, as evidenced by studies (Khan et al, 2019;Agag & Colmekcioglu, 2020;Liu et al, 2021;Irfan et al, 2021;Alomari et al, 2022;Elahi et al, 2022;Hasheem et al, 2022;Javid et al, 2022;Lou et al, 2022;Ali et al, 2023;Esfandiar et al, 2023;Long et al, 2023). These findings underscore the researchers' inclination toward extending NAM to boost the original model's predictive power in proenvironmental research.…”

Gender and cross-country differences in the determinants of sustainable diet intentions: a multigroup analysis of the UK, China, Sweden, and Brazil

“…Several studies have previously applied this method to identify how the determinants of other pro-environmental behaviors, including car sharing and green buying intentions, vary across a number of sociodemographic groups, such as gender, age, education and income (Bautista, 2019;Kaur et al, 2022;Li and Zhang, 2023). This is a valuable technique for environmental psychology as it provides detailed insights into group differences which can aid in tailoring environmental communication and interventions to encourage pro-environmental behavior across groups (Alomari et al, 2022). countries, while Sweden represents a country with ambitious climate change policies (CCPI, 2018).…”