Energy budget and metabolism in common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., fed on different dietary protein levels and at different ration levels

Abstract

The total energy budget of 65 k 8.0 g common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., was studied in the laboratory. The pattern of energy allocation varied with dietary protein content and ration levels. The energy lost as heat of metabolism, R, was found to increase with dietary protein level and total ration. Energy lost as faeces, F, varied from 19% to 24% of consumption, C, but did not appear to be related to either protein content or ration levels. The energy equivalent of nitrogenous excretion, U, as a proportion of C increased with an increase in dietary protein but decreased with an increase of ration level. Regression equations were developed from the data to allow prediction of respiratory energy losses, faecal losses and excretory losses. The balance of energy budgets compiled from experiments conducted over an 18-day period was between 66% and 82%. Observed growth was always less than predicted growth, so the predictive models overestimated growth.The data presented form the basis for the first reported study of total energy budgets in Cyprinus carpio. 1985). Careful investigation of R and U separately helps in constructing the total energy budget in fish, both in laboratory and field studies (Cui & Wootton 1988). Numerous attempts have been made to compile energy budgets for fish species (Brett & Groves 1979; Brafield 1985;Cui 1987;Carter & Brafield 1991). Ivlev (1939) was the first to investigate the energy balance in cunifrioii cmp, Cyp~inu.~ sitrjir?. More recently. a numher of studies have been carried out on the relationship of dietary energy and protein content to growth of carp (Ogino et al. 1976; Schwarz etal. 1983;Gongnet et al. 1987). However, even though common carp are one of the principal cultured fish species in both tropical and subtropical regions, there have been no studies to date, in which a complete energy budget has been described.The purpose of the present study was to conduct a series of experiments to examine the interrelationships among the major components of the energy budget of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, fed diets having different protein contents at different ration levels. introductionThe main components of an energy budget are: Macfadyen 1970), where C denotes energy content of the food eaten; R is respired energy, i.e. heat loss due to total metabolism, F is Energy lost in faeces, U is energy lost in nitrogenous excretion and P is production or energy in growth materials. Accurate measurement of C and F in the long term gives the energy absorbed by the fish (Brafield Pre-experimen tal procedureDisease-free common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., of 65.0 k 8.0 g, obtained from Fison's Fish Farm, Monton, England, were stocked in a recirculating water system consisting of 60-L plastic aquaria with additional aeration. The temperature was maintained at 28°C f 0.5"C. Photoperiod was 12L:12D with 25 lux illumination at the water surface. Fishes in the holding system were fed a maintenance ration (about 1% body weight per day) of a 2.5 mm-diameter commercial trout pellet (EWOS Ltd). Experimen...

Effects of Dietary Protein Level on Nitrogen and Energy Budget of Juvenile Chinese Soft‐shelled Turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis, Wiegmann

“…In terms of energy utilization, Guo et al (2012) reported that the ME as a percentage of energy intake was positively dependent on the dietary protein content. Positive correlation between specific dynamic action (SDA) and dietary protein levels was also found in some previous research (Chakraborty et al 1995;Gauquelin et al 2007). However, in this study, turtles fed 25-29% protein diets spend more ME compared with those fed 31-43% protein diets.…”

“…Nitrogen and energy budgets of animals give insights to protein metabolism and energy partitioning (Cui and Wootton ; Chakraborty et al ; Green and Hardy ; Guo et al ). From a nitrogen budget equation, we can identify the important features of protein utilization and metabolism and appraise the quality of feed.…”

“…Deficiency of protein in diets leads to a depressed growth performance; however, if excessive dietary protein is supplied, only part of it will be used to synthesize new tissues for growth and the surplus catabolized for energy (Abdel-Tawwab et al 2010;Heflin et al 2012). 1 Correspondence to: zcyang@mail.hebtu.edu.cn; jwang@scsfri.ac.cn Nitrogen and energy budgets of animals give insights to protein metabolism and energy partitioning (Cui and Wootton 1988;Chakraborty et al 1995;Green and Hardy 2008;Guo et al 2012). From a nitrogen budget equation, we can identify the important features of protein utilization and metabolism and appraise the quality of feed.…”

Dietary lipid and gross energy affect protein utilization in the rare minnow Gobiocypris rarus

“…Other studies have shown that dietary protein aff ects SDA more than lipids and carbohydrates (Jobling and Davies, 1980;Tandler and Beamish, 1981;Zanotto et al, 1997). Some research has indicated a positive relationship between SDA and growth, showing that intensive SDA stimulates fast growth (Jobling, 1983;Brown and Cameron, 1991;Chakraborty et al, 1995;Carter and Hauler, 2000). In the present study, growth decreased with increased dietary protein.…”

Effects of Ration Size and Temperature on Moult Increment and Metabolic Parameters of Juvenile Noble Crayfish, Astacus Astacus

“…The present study showed a significant increase of juvenile A. astacus growth performance with a higher ration size in agreement with the results obtained by others authors (D'AGARO, 2004). CHAKRABORTY et al (1995) observed that the pattern of energy allocation of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio, varied with ration size. Increasing the ration level up to an optimal level, a larger amount of ingested energy is available to the crayfish for growth.…”