“…CG is widely used in the field of atomistic simulations and molecular dynamics [66]. Moreover, CG was also successfully adopted in many LDPM numerical studies [55], and its efficiency and accuracy has been verified by simulating several examples, see [67,68]. The adopted values for the LDPM mesoscale parameters are compressive yielding strength = 500 MPa, initial hardening modulus ratio = 0.36, densification ratio = 2.5, transitional strain ratio = 2, shear strength ratio = 17, initial friction = 0.5, softening exponent = 0.2, transitional stress = 300 MPa, tensile strength = 4, and tensile characteristic length = 150 mm [55].…”