Energy Balance, Obesity and Type‐2 Diabetes

Abstract

Energy balance is determined by caloric intake versus caloric expenditure. Complex control systems promote energy storage (primarily as adipose tissue fat) during periods of food surplus and mobilization of energy stores when food is scarce. These regulatory systems operate both locally within cells and between different body tissues and are mediated by circulating hormones and direct neural connection from the central nervous system to peripheral tissues. In modern society where lifestyles have shifted towards the excessive consumption of palatable 'high energy' foods and a sedentary life, these control mechanisms can be circumvented and in so doing lead to obesity and its pathological consequences. Prominent among these consequences are insulin resistance, i.e. the inability of cells to respond normally to insulin, and Type-2 diabetes. Approximately 30% of the inhabitants of the United States meet the criteria for obesity.