Energy-Aware Power Control in Energy Cooperation Aided Millimeter Wave Cellular Networks With Renewable Energy Resources

Xu, Bingyu; Chen, Yue; Carrión, Jesús Requena; Loo, Jonathan; Vinel, Alexey

doi:10.1109/access.2016.2633723

Cited by 23 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Recently, a lot of researches have been conducted where numerous methods have been proposed by the researchers to find out the long-term sustainable, reliable, energy-efficient and eco-friendly power supply for the next-generation cellular networks [33]- [35]. Some of them advocate for the combination of renewable energy sources with the traditional non-renewable energy sources while others consider the integration of different RE sources or a single RE source with a battery unit [36], [37].…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solar PV and Biomass Resources-Based Sustainable Energy Supply for Off-Grid Cellular Base Stations

Hossain¹,

Jahid

Islam

et al. 2020

IEEE Access

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Due to the technological revolution and higher user data demand, the telecommunication industry is expanding at an exponential rate. Fulfilling the increasing demand of energy for the rising cellular networks has become a great challenge to the network operators because of the limited reservation of fuel energy sources and the growing concern about global warming. Energy harvesting (EH) from renewable energy sources (RES) has become an overwhelming initiative to minimize energy deficiency and carbon footprints. This paper investigates the feasibility of solar photovoltaic (PV) and biomass resources based hybrid supply systems for powering the off-grid Long Term Evolution (LTE) cellular macrocell base stations (BSs) in Bangladesh focusing the technical, economic and environmental issues. In addition, the green energy sharing technique has been incorporated via a low resistive path for optimal use of RES. The proposed system has enough potential to achieve long term sustainability and reduction of pollution rates by fulfilling the future energy demand of BS. In this work, Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER) simulation-based feasibility analysis is used to assess the optimal system, energy production, total net present cost (NPC), cost of electricity (COE) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission depending on different system parameters. Furthermore, the performance of the network has been evaluated in terms of throughput and energy efficiency using Matlab-based Monte Carlo simulations. Results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid renewable energy powered BSs would be a reliable and longer-lasting green solution for the telecom sector while maintaining the quality of service (QoS). Finally, an extensive comparison with other systems has also been done to justify network validity. INDEX TERMS Biomass energy, energy efficiency, energy sharing, hybrid power supply, LTE, renewableenergy-powered BSs, solar energy, sustainability. I. INTRODUCTION With the remarkable increase in the number of mobile subscribers and high-speed data demand, cellular network operators are deploying a higher number of base stations throughout the world. According to the Ericsson survey, the number of the global mobile subscriber up to the first quarter of 2019 was around 7.9 billion, with 44 million new subscribers added during this quarter, wherein LTE subscribers are 3.7 billion [1]. Currently, Bangladesh has 88 million unique subscribers and it is expected that at the The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Giovanni Pau. end of 2025, this value will be 107 million [2]. Global System for Mobile Communications Association (GSMA) mentiones that at present, the number of universal BSs is above 4 million and it is nearly double from 2007 to 2012 [3]. Base stations are the premier energy consumer of mobile networks which receive 57% of the total consumed energy [4], [5]. Over the last decades, the exponential evolution of information and communication technology (ICT) has...

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solar PV and Biomass Resources-Based Sustainable Energy Supply for Off-Grid Cellular Base Stations

Hossain¹,

Jahid

Islam

et al. 2020

IEEE Access

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“…Recently, green cellular networking has drawn intensive attention from researchers and telecom operators owing to their financial and environmental advantages over a long period of time [25], [26]. Significant research works have been dedicated to optimizing the utilization of hybrid power supplies integration of RE enabled wireless networks aiming to investigate energy efficiency [27], improvement of throughput performance [23], network coverage [28], energy sharing strategy [3], still research in this field is not saturated yet. Authors proposed a new relay selection enabled power allocation technique to downsize the grid power consumption [29].…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cell zooming mechanism adaptively adjusts BS coverage depending on experienced traffic density and has the potential to reduce the energy consumption of an entire cellular network through balancing the traffic among surrounding BSs in a cluster [23]. Under zooming technology, a cell can extend its cell size based on low traffic demand and greater green energy availability, hence, cellular operators steer lower-traffic arrivals to its neighboring cell and thereby reduce overall consumption by turning off lightly loaded traffic cell.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Energy efficiency is a key performance metric in green wireless communication to evaluate the network effectiveness which is directly related to aggregate throughput and net power consumption. Numerous studies have been performed focusing on throughput enhancement and EE assessment as well for next-generation green cellular infrastructure to explore the best solution [7], [23], [24]. This paper investigates energy efficiency analysis implementing a cell zooming technique for the optimal power supply option under a realistic scenario which offers an outstanding solution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Techno-Economic and Energy Efficiency Analysis of Optimal Power Supply Solutions for Green Cellular Base Stations

Jahid

Hossain²,

Monju

et al. 2020

IEEE Access

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The widespread proliferation of internet access, affordable wireless gadgets, the user data demand and the corresponding extended cellular networks entailing significant energy consumption and carbon footprints. With the added benefits of renewable energy harvesting (REH) technology, telecom base stations (BSs) are predominantly supplied by green power sources to reduce operational expenditure (OPEX) and atmospheric pollution with guaranteed quality of service (QoS). Accordingly, this paper examines the plausibility of optimal power supply solutions such as standalone solar photovoltaic (PV), hybrid PV/wind turbine (PV/WT), hybrid PV/diesel generator (DG) and hybrid PV/electric grid (PV/EG) to feed the Long Term Evolution (LTE) BSs pertaining to technical, economic and environmental aspects in Bangladesh. An extensive Monte-Carlo based simulations are performed to evaluate wireless network performance in terms of throughput, energy efficiency (EE), energy efficiency gain (EE gain), average energy savings, radio efficiency varying system bandwidth (B) and BS transmission power (P TX) considering the dynamic behavior of traffic intensity and renewable energy (RE) generation profile. By leveraging the cell zooming technique and a green traffic steering framework endeavors to minimize the net present cost and maximize the average energy savings as well. The simulation results reveal that the cell zooming technique attained energy savings yielding up to 36% and improvement of EE gain achieved about 23% with effective modeling of REH. Subsequently, a comprehensive comparison of the aforementioned schemes is pledged for further validation. INDEX TERMS Green cellular networks, renewable energy harvesting, hybrid energy, energy efficiency, cell zooming, eco-sustainability, LTE.

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“…Fig. 4 [41]. Although electrification tends to lag behind, the nation had to depend on conventional energy sources, over which they had technical proficiency to boost supply.…”

Section: ) Demand For Petroleum Products In Bangladeshmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Scenario in South Asia: Analytical Assessment and Policy Implications

et al. 2020

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In the South Asian countries, including Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan, the current energy scenario is considered non-sustainable due to diverse issues such as economic, environmental, geopolitical, technological options for energy exploitation, and negligible volume of regional energy trade. Though, within the region, India is leading a phase of energy transition and economic transformation through renewable energy development. The countries need to exhibit well in the development of their renewable sources following the rapid pace of renewable energies worldwide. This paper offers an overview of the energy scenario, growth of renewable energies, evolution, and approach for energy policy by highlighting key challenges and barriers for the ecological energy mix of the countries. Importantly, the paper assesses the current energy mix in South Asia, highlighting the anomaly of its fossil fuel-based future outlook, its ambitions to move towards less environmental pollution, and sustainable energy mix through a strategic tool SWOT analysis; strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT). In particular, this study examines the government policies to expand the implementation of renewable sources with an insight into the existing regulatory structure of the energy sector. The presented research findings suggest that to achieve the ambitious target to reduce emission discharge by up to 30% by the year 2030 under Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs), the Governments of the three countries must take preemptive measures. It includes the stage-wise reduction of subsidies on fossil fuels, market integration within the region, and swift realization of the existing initiatives through strong political will, good governance, adoption of the latest technologies, and a pragmatic action plan, and energy cooperation across the region.

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Energy-Aware Power Control in Energy Cooperation Aided Millimeter Wave Cellular Networks With Renewable Energy Resources

Cited by 23 publications

References 32 publications

Solar PV and Biomass Resources-Based Sustainable Energy Supply for Off-Grid Cellular Base Stations

Solar PV and Biomass Resources-Based Sustainable Energy Supply for Off-Grid Cellular Base Stations

Techno-Economic and Energy Efficiency Analysis of Optimal Power Supply Solutions for Green Cellular Base Stations

Energy Scenario in South Asia: Analytical Assessment and Policy Implications

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