Energy and mass flows of housing: estimating mortality

Johnstone, Ivan M.

doi:10.1016/s0360-1323(99)00066-9

Cited by 41 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…We established a building lifetime of 100 years. This is consistent with the age of buildings as revealed in a Spanish housing census conducted by the National Statistics Institute (INE) ( Rudbeck, 2002;Johnstone, 2001aJohnstone, , 2001bDavies and Wyatt, 2004;and Article 19 ECO 805/2003). The maintenance costs to maintain the energy rate during the dwelling's lifespan were considered, as was both the economic cost and the specific time when maintenance had to be done.…”

Section: Calculation Methods and Hypothesessupporting

confidence: 68%

Estimating a threshold price for CO2 emissions of buildings to improve their energy performance level: case study of a new Spanish home

Aguilar

Olmeda

2014

Energy Efficiency

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Energy consumption in homes produces CO2. In many countries, building regulations are being set to enable energy efficiency performance levels to be issued. In Spain, there is a regulated procedure to certify the energy performance of buildings according to their CO2 emissions. Consequently, some software tools have been designed to simulate buildings, and to obtain their energy consumption and CO2 emissions. In this paper, investment, maintenance and energy consumption costs are calculated for different energy performance levels and for various climatic zones in a single-family home. According to the results, for buildings to be more energy-efficient, higher construction and maintenance costs are implied, which are not compensated by lower energy costs. Therefore under current conditions, economic criteria do not support the improvement of a dwelling's energy efficiency. Among the possible measures to promote energy efficiency, a price for CO2 emissions is suggested, including the social cost in the analysis. For this purpose, the cost-optimal methodology is used. In different scenarios for the discount rate and energy prices, various prices for CO2 are obtained, depending on climatic zone and energy performance level.

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Section: Calculation Methods and Hypothesessupporting

confidence: 68%

Estimating a threshold price for CO2 emissions of buildings to improve their energy performance level: case study of a new Spanish home

Aguilar

Olmeda

2014

Energy Efficiency

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“…Estimates of the average lifespan of single-family units in the United States generally range between 75 and 100 years (Baer, 1990). Estimates for Europe are substantially higher (Bradley & Kohler, 2007;Johnstone, 2001). We use a range of 75 to 100 years and an average of 87.5 in our calculations.…”

Section: Estimated Probability That a Unit Will House A Disabled Resimentioning

confidence: 99%

Aging and Disability: Implications for the Housing Industry and Housing Policy in the United States

Smith¹,

Rayer²,

Smith³

2008

Journal of the American Planning Association

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“…dwellings) is the driver for the inflows and outflows of residential buildings and thus in turn for material flows. The stock can be estimated by an assigned "development pattern" [48] or "stock expansion rate" [49], [50]. Alternatively, the stock dynamic can also be defined as a function of the population and the lifestyles of citizens, e.g.…”

Section: Stock Dynamicmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of anthropogenic metabolism using spatially differentiated continuous MFA

Schiller¹,

Gruhler²,

Ortlepp³

2017

Change and Adaptation in Socio-Ecological Systems

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Coefficient-based, bottom-up material flow analysis is a suitable tool to quantify inflows, outflows and stock dynamics of materials used by societies, and thus can deliver strategic knowledge needed to develop circular economy policies. Anthropogenic stocks and flows are mostly of bulk nonmetallic mineral materials related to the construction, operation and demolition of buildings and infrastructures. Consequently, it is important to be able to quantify circulating construction materials to help estimate the mass of secondary materials which can be recovered such as recycled aggregates (RA) for fresh concrete in new buildings. Yet as such bulk materials are high volume but of low unit value, they are generally produced and consumed within a region. Loops are thus bounded not only by qualitative and technical restrictions but also spatially to within regions. This paper presents a regionalized continuous MFA (C-MFA) approach taking account of these restrictions of local consumption, quality standards and technical limitations, illustrated using the example of Germany. Outflows and inflows of stocks are quantified at county level and generalized by regional type, considering demand and supply for recycled materials. Qualitative and technical potentials of recycling loops are operationalized by defining coefficients to reflect waste management technologies and engineering standards. Results show that 48% of outflows of concrete and bricks are suitable for high-quality recycling, while 52% of outflows do not fulfill the quality requirement and must be recovered or disposed of elsewhere. The achievable inflow to RA is limited by the building activity as well as the requirements of the construction industry, e.g. the RA fraction of fresh concrete must not exceed 32%. In addition, there exist spatial disparities in construction across the country. In Germany, such disparities mean that there will be a shortfall in RA of 6.3 Gt by the year 2020, while the technically available but unusable RA (due to a regional mismatch of potential supply and demand) will total 3.2 Gt. Comprehensive recycling strategies have to combine high-quality recycling with other lower-grade applications for secondary raw materials. Particularly in the case of building materials, essential constraints are not only technical but also local conditions of construction and demolition. These interrelations should be identified and integrated into a comprehensive system to manage the social metabolism of materials in support of circular economy policies.

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Energy and mass flows of housing: estimating mortality

Cited by 41 publications

References 13 publications

Estimating a threshold price for CO2 emissions of buildings to improve their energy performance level: case study of a new Spanish home

Estimating a threshold price for CO2 emissions of buildings to improve their energy performance level: case study of a new Spanish home

Aging and Disability: Implications for the Housing Industry and Housing Policy in the United States

Quantification of anthropogenic metabolism using spatially differentiated continuous MFA

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