Energy and Landing Accuracy Considerations for Urban Air Mobility Vertiport Approach Surfaces

Yılmaz, Emre; Warren, Matthew; German, Brian

doi:10.2514/6.2019-3122

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…After simulating five different approach trajectories, Pradeep concluded that the inclined descent path could ensure the safe operation while spending less time than the vertical descent path [17]. YıLmaz determined the upper limit of the velocities at different approach angles through the analysis of the vortex ring boundary and the eVTOL descent performance, and through the simulation he found that when the approach angle was 60 • , the eVTOL would reach the landing flare course in a shorter time [18]. The above research shows that aircraft takes less time to complete the final approach by using the oblique descent route, and can effectively avoid the vortex ring effect.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

TLOF final approach methodology proposal utilizing dual landing pads

Lei,

Qin,

et al. 2023

IET Intelligent Trans Sys

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Vertiports in economically developed areas present the operation mode of multiple Touchdown and Liftoff Area (TLOF) pads, and the intersection and overlap of the final approach airspace between two adjacent TOLF pads in the vertiports is the basic problem confronted by multiple TLOF pads. The objective of this study is to design the final approach airspace structure of dual landing pads, so as to provide reference for the future design of the airspace structure of multiple landing pads. In this paper, the design scheme of the final approach airspace of dual TLOF pads is proposed, and it includes three different kinds of airspace structure with different proximity of dual TLOF pads and the final approach path design for each kind based on the multi‐branch approach strategy. Considering the constraints of the multi‐branch approach strategy and safe operation, the airspace design model is constructed to minimize the airspace volume and to develop algorithms that can realize the airspace design with different capacities and different proximity of dual TLOF pads. The results reveal the changing trend of airspace volume under different design capacities and different proximity of dual TLOF pads. It provides reference for the site selection of vertiports with dual TLOF pads, and lays a foundation for the design of the final approach airspace for vertiport with multiple TLOF pads.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

TLOF final approach methodology proposal utilizing dual landing pads

Lei,

Qin,

et al. 2023

IET Intelligent Trans Sys

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“…How the performance of a vehicle is degraded during the final approach phase and what landing pad size is required to safely accommodate deviations from the nominal flight path was researched by [194]. The Drydon wind turbulence model is used to depict upcoming light, moderate and severe turbulence.…”

Section: Weather Impact On Vertiport Elements and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ref. [194] elaborates operational requirements for eVTOL aircraft and analyzes changes in approach angles and speeds leading towards a set of approach surfaces with minimum energy and time considerations. Landing accuracy under different weather constraints resulting into varying FATO sizes was analyzed statistically.…”

Section: Weather Impact On Vertiport Elements and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Landing accuracy under different weather constraints resulting into varying FATO sizes was analyzed statistically. An approach surface of a 5 degree approach angle and 40 ft/s (12.2 m/s) approach speed and "for general light turbulence conditions, 95% of the trajectories end up within a radius of 20-30 ft (6-9 m)" for a FATO [194].…”

Section: Weather Impact On Vertiport Elements and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Urban Air Mobility: Systematic Review of Scientific Publications and Regulations for Vertiport Design and Operations

Schweiger

Preis

2022

Drones

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Novel electric aircraft designs coupled with intense efforts from academia, government and industry led to a paradigm shift in urban transportation by introducing UAM. While UAM promises to introduce a new mode of transport, it depends on ground infrastructure to operate safely and efficiently in a highly constrained urban environment. Due to its novelty, the research of UAM ground infrastructure is widely scattered. Therefore, this paper selects, categorizes and summarizes existing literature in a systematic fashion and strives to support the harmonization process of contributions made by industry, research and regulatory authorities. Through a document term matrix approach, we identified 49 Scopus-listed scientific publications (2016–2021) addressing the topic of UAM ground infrastructure with respect to airspace operation followed by design, location and network, throughput and capacity, ground operations, cost, safety, regulation, weather and lastly noise and security. Last listed topics from cost onwards appear to be substantially under-represented, but will be influencing current developments and challenges. This manuscript further presents regulatory considerations (Europe, U.S., international) and introduces additional noteworthy scientific publications and industry contributions. Initial uncertainties in naming UAM ground infrastructure seem to be overcome; vertiport is now being predominantly used when speaking about vertical take-off and landing UAM operations.

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“…At the same time, the UAM literature has already identified many different approach and landing profiles compliant with the taxonomy provided above. Examples of the CL approaches are provided by [6,7]. These solutions ensure a constant glide path during the whole trajectory, with advantages such as the possibility to fly at higher velocities avoiding dangerous aerodynamic phenomena like the Vortex Ring State (VRS).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensing Requirements and Vision-Aided Navigation Algorithms for Vertical Landing in Good and Low Visibility UAM Scenarios

Veneruso

Opromolla

Tiana³

et al. 2022

Remote Sensing

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To support the rapid development of the Urban Air Mobility framework, safe navigation must be ensured to Vertical Take-Off and Landing aircraft, especially in the approach and landing phases. Visual sensors have the potential of providing accurate measurements with reduced budgets, although integrity issues, as well as performance degradation in low visibility and highly dynamic environments, may pose challenges. In this context, this paper focuses on autonomous navigation during vertical approach and landing procedures and provides three main contributions. First, visual sensing requirements relevant to Urban Air Mobility scenarios are defined considering realistic landing trajectories, landing pad dimensions, and wind effects. Second, a multi-sensor-based navigation architecture based on an Extended Kalman Filter is presented which integrates visual estimates with inertial and GNSS measurements and includes different operating modes and ad hoc integrity checks. The presented processing pipeline is built to provide the required navigation performance in different conditions including day/night flight, atmospheric disturbances, low visibility, and can support the autonomous initialization of a missed approach procedure. Third, performance assessment of the proposed architecture is conducted within a highly realistic simulation environment which reproduces real world scenarios and includes variable weather and illumination conditions. Results show that the proposed architecture is robust with respect to dynamic and environmental challenges, providing cm-level positioning uncertainty in the final landing phase. Furthermore, autonomous initialization of a Missed Approach Procedure is demonstrated in case of loss of visual contact with the landing pad and consequent increase of the self-estimated navigation uncertainty.

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Energy and Landing Accuracy Considerations for Urban Air Mobility Vertiport Approach Surfaces

Cited by 9 publications

References 7 publications

TLOF final approach methodology proposal utilizing dual landing pads

TLOF final approach methodology proposal utilizing dual landing pads

Urban Air Mobility: Systematic Review of Scientific Publications and Regulations for Vertiport Design and Operations

Sensing Requirements and Vision-Aided Navigation Algorithms for Vertical Landing in Good and Low Visibility UAM Scenarios

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