Energy And Environmental Policy In China

Perlack, R.D.

doi:10.1146/annurev.energy.16.1.205

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Some honeycomb coals are specially formulated, for example, with lime to react with fuel sulfur and retain it in ash, instead of emitting it as SO 2 (Ge et al 2004). Because of different coals, different formulations, and different measurement methods, it is difficult to generalize about the impact of such coal fuels (Bond et al 2002; Kasper et al 1999; Perlack and Russell 1991; Yao et al 1992). …”

Section: Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Household Air Pollution from Coal and Biomass Fuels in China: Measurements, Health Impacts, and Interventions

Zhang¹,

Smith

2007

Environ Health Perspect

650

425

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ObjectiveNearly all China’s rural residents and a shrinking fraction of urban residents use solid fuels (biomass and coal) for household cooking and/or heating. Consequently, global meta-analyses of epidemiologic studies indicate that indoor air pollution from solid fuel use in China is responsible for approximately 420,000 premature deaths annually, more than the approximately 300,000 attributed to urban outdoor air pollution in the country. Our objective in this review was to help elucidate the extent of this indoor air pollution health hazard.Data sourcesWe reviewed approximately 200 publications in both Chinese- and English-language journals that reported health effects, exposure characteristics, and fuel/stove intervention options.ConclusionsObserved health effects include respiratory illnesses, lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, weakening of the immune system, and reduction in lung function. Arsenic poisoning and fluorosis resulting from the use of “poisonous” coal have been observed in certain regions of China. Although attempts have been made in a few studies to identify specific coal smoke constituents responsible for specific adverse health effects, the majority of indoor air measurements include those of only particulate matter, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and/or nitrogen dioxide. These measurements indicate that pollution levels in households using solid fuel generally exceed China’s indoor air quality standards. Intervention technologies ranging from simply adding a chimney to the more complex modernized bioenergy program are available, but they can be viable only with coordinated support from the government and the commercial sector.

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Section: Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Household Air Pollution from Coal and Biomass Fuels in China: Measurements, Health Impacts, and Interventions

Zhang¹,

Smith

2007

Environ Health Perspect

650

425

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“…In 1985, a dual-tier pricing system for energy resources took effect. Under this system, coal was distributed at relatively low state-controlled prices, but firms and individuals could purchase more at negotiated prices in the free market (Perlack & Russell, 1991). By the end of 1989, the government decided to solve the problems arising from the two-tier pricing system and the jiage chuangguan.…”

Section: Policies On Coal Pricementioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of China’s energy security : the impact of domestic reforms and policies

Yao¹

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and energy policy……………………………………….……………………………………1 1.1.2 Definitions of energy security and energy policy………………………………………………………3 1.1.3 The necessity of analyzing energy policy in China……………………………………………………..6 1.2 Research questions and key findings………………………………………………………………….……..7 1.3 Existing discussions on China's energy policy and energy security…………………………….8 1.4 Study value and contributions to knowledge..…………………………………………………………14 1.5 Study framework…………………………………………………………………………………………………….16 1.6 Analytical framework of the study.…………………………………………………………………………19 1.6.1 Explanation of the analytical framework..……………………………………………………………….19 1.6.2 The scope of the analytical framework..………………………………………………………………….23 1.7 Research methodology……………………………………………………………………………………………24 1.8 Study structure……………………………………………………………………………………………………….25 Chapter Two Energy Security: Concepts, Frameworks and Indicators 2.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………………27 2.2 Views on energy policy and energy security……………………………………………………………27 2.2.1 Energy Policy…………………………………………………………………………………………………….…….27 2.2.2 Energy security………………………………………………………………………………………………………..28 2.2.3 Assessment Frameworks for Energy Security and Analyses……………………………………..35 2.3 The concept of energy security-A need for a holistic approach…………………………….47 2.4 The quantification of energy security: indicators identification………………………………52 2.4.1 Simple energy security indicators……………………………………………………………………………54 2.4.2 Aggregated energy security indicators…………………………………………………………………….55 IV 2.4.3 Independent energy security measurement systems………………………………………………58 2.5 Chapter Summary……………………………………………………………………………………………………61 Chapter 3 Quantitative Analysis of Energy Security in China 3.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….62 3.2 Formulation of indicators to examine energy security in China……………………………….

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Energy And Environmental Policy In China

Cited by 2 publications

References 4 publications

Household Air Pollution from Coal and Biomass Fuels in China: Measurements, Health Impacts, and Interventions

Household Air Pollution from Coal and Biomass Fuels in China: Measurements, Health Impacts, and Interventions

Evolution of China’s energy security : the impact of domestic reforms and policies

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