Energy and Energy Metabolism in Swine

Noblet, Jean; Milgen, Jaap van

doi:10.1002/9781118491454.ch2

Cited by 19 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…First, the efficiency of ME utilisation of a diet depends on how the pig is depositing energy. If the pig is depositing protein, which was the case for pigs fed the CS-basal and CS-test diets, the efficiency of ME utilisation of the diet will be less because the efficiency of ME utilisation for protein deposition is approximately 60% whereas the efficiency of ME utilisation for lipid deposition is about 80% (Noblet and van Milgen 2013). Second, the efficiency of ME utilisation of a diet depends on the diet's nutrient composition because the efficiency of ME utilisation is approximately 90% for dietary fat and 82% for dietary starch, but only 58% for dietary crude protein ).…”

Section: Experiments 2: Net Energy Content Of Corn Determined Directlymentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The NE m is determined by measuring fasting heat production (FHP). FHP can be measured directly in fasting pigs or calculated by extrapolating heat production (HP) measured at different feeding levels to zero ME intake (FHP r ), but the results of the two methods differ (de Lange et al 2006;Noblet and van Milgen 2013). It has been suggested that fasting a pig for 24 h immediately after a meal and measuring HP is a quick, effective and preferred method to determine FHP, but the previous diet and feeding level may affect FHP (Labussière et al 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Determining FHP r is limited to the accuracy of the slope and intercept of the regression line when extrapolating HP measured at lower feed intake levels. Also, FHP r is affected by the dietary nutrient composition and feeding level which makes FHP r not constant, but also the adaptation period to each feeding level may affect FHP r (Noblet and van Milgen 2013). Therefore, it is very important to compare the two methods before evaluating the NE content of feedstuffs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is very important to measure the NE m accurately when evaluating the NE of feedstuffs (Noblet et al 1999) because it will affect the NE p , and therefore it can lead to an over-or under-estimation of the NE value of a feedstuff (Noblet and van Milgen 2013). The NE m is determined by measuring fasting heat production (FHP).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of experimental methodology on fasting heat production and the net energy content of corn and soybean meal fed to growing pigs

Liu

Jaworski

Zhang

et al. 2014

Archives of Animal Nutrition

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The aim of the three experiments was to evaluated methods to predict fasting heat production (FHP) and to compare methods to determine the net energy (NE) of corn and soybean meal (SBM) fed to growing pigs. To estimate heat production (HP), pigs were housed in respiratory chambers for all experiments. In Experiment 1, six barrows (43.0 ± 1.4 kg body weight [BW]) were fed a Corn-SBM diet for 20 d. The experimental design consisted of following periods: 7 d adaptation, 5 d ad libitum feeding, 3 d feeding at 2 × metabolisable energy (ME) for maintenance (MEm), 3 d feeding at 1 × MEm and 2 d fasting. The FHP was calculated by extrapolating HP measured at the different feeding levels to zero ME intake. The daily FHP [per kg BW(0)(.6)] determined directly after fasting for 24 h and using the regression method was 774 kJ and 694 kJ, respectively. In Experiment 2, 18 barrows (34.3 ± 1.1 kg BW) were randomly allotted to three diets: Diet 1 contained 97.5% corn (direct NE determination of corn); diets 2 and 3 contained 25 % and 15% SBM at the expense of corn, respectively, and were used to calculate the NE of corn by difference. The NE of corn determined directly (13.21 MJ/kg DM) and by difference (13.69 MJ/kg DM) was not different. In Experiment 3, 24 barrows (36.2 ± 1.4 kg BW) were randomly allotted to four diets to determine the effects of different basal diets on the NE content of SBM. The diets were: Basal diet 1 (97.5% corn), Test diet 1 (15% SBM at the expense of corn), Basal diet 2 (contained 72.5% corn and 25% SBM) and Test diet 2 (58% corn and 39.5% SBM). These diets were used to determine the NE of SBM using the Corn-basal diet or the Corn-SBM-basal diet, respectively. It was shown that the estimated NE of SBM did not depend on the used diet (10.04 MJ/kg and 10.62 MJ/kg DM for Basal diet 1 and 2, respectively). In summary, using the regression method to determine FHP results in lower FHP than the fasting method. There was no difference observed in the NE of corn determined directly or by difference, and different basal diets did not affect the NE of SBM.

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Section: Experiments 2: Net Energy Content Of Corn Determined Directlymentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Effect of experimental methodology on fasting heat production and the net energy content of corn and soybean meal fed to growing pigs

Liu

Jaworski

Zhang

et al. 2014

Archives of Animal Nutrition

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“…In the United States, the energy concentration of diets fed to pigs is most often evaluated using DE or ME systems (Whitney, 2005), but it is possible that a more accurate estimate of the utilizable energy of pig diets may be obtained using a NE system because the energy value of fiber may be more accurately as sessed in the NE system (Noblet and Van Milgen, 2013). An increased use of dietary fiber in pig diets has been observed over the last decade because of in creased inclusion of coproducts in the diets, and this Wheat bran reduces concentrations of digestible, metabolizable, and net energy in diets fed to pigs, but energy values in wheat bran determined by the difference procedure are not different from values estimated from a linear regression procedure N. W. Jaworski,* D. W. liu, † D. F. li, † and H. H. Stein* ‡ 1 is expected to continue in the future (Woyengo et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wheat bran reduces concentrations of digestible, metabolizable, and net energy in diets fed to pigs, but energy values in wheat bran determined by the difference procedure are not different from values estimated from a linear regression procedure

Jaworski

Liu

et al. 2016

Journal of Animal Science

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An experiment was conducted to determine effects on DE, ME, and NE for growing pigs of adding 15 or 30% wheat bran to a corn-soybean meal diet and to compare values for DE, ME, and NE calculated using the difference procedure with values obtained using linear regression. Eighteen barrows (54.4 ± 4.3 kg initial BW) were individually housed in metabolism crates. The experiment had 3 diets and 6 replicate pigs per diet. The control diet contained corn, soybean meal, and no wheat bran. Two additional diets were formulated by mixing 15 or 30% wheat bran with 85 or 70% of the control diet, respectively. The experimental period lasted 15 d. During the initial 7 d, pigs were adapted to their experimental diets and housed in metabolism crates and fed 573 kcal ME/kg BW per day. On d 8, metabolism crates with the pigs were moved into open-circuit respiration chambers for measurement of O consumption and CO and CH production. The feeding level was the same as in the adaptation period, and feces and urine were collected during this period. On d 13 and 14, pigs were fed 225 kcal ME/kg BW per day, and pigs were then fasted for 24 h to obtain fasting heat production. Results of the experiment indicated that the apparent total tract digestibility of DM, GE, crude fiber, ADF, and NDF linearly decreased ( ≤ 0.05) as wheat bran inclusion increased in the diets. The daily O consumption and CO and CH production by pigs fed increasing concentrations of wheat bran linearly decreased ( ≤ 0.05), resulting in a linear decrease ( ≤ 0.05) in heat production. The DE (3,454, 3,257, and 3,161 kcal/kg for diets containing 0, 15, and 30% wheat bran, respectively for diets containing 0, 15, and 30% wheat bran, respectively), ME (3,400, 3,209, and 3,091 kcal/kg for diets containing 0, 15, and 30% wheat bran, respectively), and NE (1,808, 1,575, and 1,458 kcal/kg for diets containing 0, 15, and 30% wheat bran, respectively) of diets decreased (linear, ≤ 0.05) as wheat bran inclusion increased. The DE, ME, and NE of wheat bran determined using the difference procedure were 2,168, 2,117, and 896 kcal/kg, respectively, and these values were within the 95% confidence interval of the DE (2,285 kcal/kg), ME (2,217 kcal/kg), and NE (961 kcal/kg) estimated by linear regression. In conclusion, increasing the inclusion of wheat bran in a corn-soybean meal based diet reduced energy and nutrient digestibility and heat production as well as DE, ME, and NE of diets, but values for DE, ME, and NE for wheat bran determined using the difference procedure were not different from values determined using linear regression.

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Methodologies for energy evaluation of pig and poultry feeds: A review

Noblet

Choct

2022

Animal Nutrition

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The cost of feed represents an important part of the total cost in swine and poultry production (>60%) with energy accounting for at least 70% of feed cost. The energy value of ingredients or compound feeds can be estimated as digestible (DE), metabolisable (ME) and net energy (NE) in pigs and ME and NE in poultry. The current paper reviews the different methods for evaluating DE, ME and NE of feeds for monogastric animals and their difficulties and limits, with a focus on NE. In pigs and poultry, energy digestibility depends on the chemical characteristics of the feed, but also on technology (pelleting, for instance) and animal factors such as their health and body weight. The ME value includes the energy losses in urine that are directly dependent on the proportion of dietary N excreted in urine resulting in the concept of ME adjusted for a zero N balance (MEn) in poultry. For poultry, the concept of true ME (TME, TMEn), which excludes the endogenous fecal and urinary energy losses from the excreta energy, was also developed. The measurement of dietary NE is more complex, and NE values of a given feed depend on the animal and environmental factors and also measurement and calculation methods. The combination of NE values of diets obtained under standardised conditions allows calculating NE prediction equations that are applicable to both ingredients and compound feeds. The abundance of energy concepts, especially for poultry, and the numerous feed and animal factors of variation related to energy digestibility or ME utilisation for NE suggest that attention must be paid to the experimental conditions for evaluating DE, ME or NE content. This also suggests the necessity of standardisations, one of them being, as implemented in pigs, an adjustment of ME values in poultry for an N retention representative of modern production conditions (MEs). In conclusion, this review illustrates that, in addition to numerous technical difficulties for evaluating energy in pigs and poultry, the absolute energy values depend on feed and animal factors, the environment, and the methods and concepts. Finally, as implemented in pigs, the use of NE values should be the objective of a more reliable energy system for poultry feeds.

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Energy and Energy Metabolism in Swine

Cited by 19 publications

References 77 publications

Effect of experimental methodology on fasting heat production and the net energy content of corn and soybean meal fed to growing pigs

Effect of experimental methodology on fasting heat production and the net energy content of corn and soybean meal fed to growing pigs

Wheat bran reduces concentrations of digestible, metabolizable, and net energy in diets fed to pigs, but energy values in wheat bran determined by the difference procedure are not different from values estimated from a linear regression procedure

Methodologies for energy evaluation of pig and poultry feeds: A review

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