Energy and coincidence time resolution measurements of CdTe detectors for PET

Ariño, G; Chmeissani, M.; Lorenzo, G. De; Puigdengoles, C.; Cabruja, E.; Calderon, Yonatan; Kolstein, M.; Macias-Montero, Jose Gabriel; Martı́nez, Ricardo; Mikhaylova, Ekaterina; Uzun, D.

doi:10.1088/1748-0221/8/02/c02015

Cited by 19 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Additional smearing is considered due to the asymmetry between electron and hole mobilities [12] and to the jitter of the electronic discriminator as measured in [10]. A direct measurement of the coincidence time resolution [13] shows that for energy close to the 20 keV trigger threshold, a time coincidence window as wide as 20 ns is needed to detect at least 70% of the photon pairs. The counting performance evaluation reported in the following section indicates that with such a coincidence time window no significant pile-up effect is expected up to 10 7 Bq activity in the FOV and the system can handle up to 10 8 without saturation (Figs.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation of the Expected Performance of a Seamless Scanner for Brain PET Based on Highly Pixelated CdTe Detectors

Mikhaylova

Lorenzo

Chmeissani

et al. 2014

IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging

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The aim of this work is the evaluation of the design for a nonconventional PET scanner, the voxel imaging PET (VIP), based on pixelated room-temperature CdTe detectors yielding a true 3-D impact point with a density of 450 channels/cm(3), for a total 6 336 000 channels in a seamless ring shaped volume. The system is simulated and evaluated following the prescriptions of the NEMA NU 2-2001 and the NEMA NU 4-2008 standards. Results show that the excellent energy resolution of the CdTe detectors (1.6% for 511 keV photons), together with the small voxel pitch (1 × 1 × 2 mm(3)), and the crack-free ring geometry, give the design the potential to overcome the current limitations of PET scanners and to approach the intrinsic image resolution limits set by physics. The VIP is expected to reach a competitive sensitivity and a superior signal purity with respect to values commonly quoted for state-of-the-art scintillating crystal PETs. The system can provide 14 cps/kBq with a scatter fraction of 3.95% and 21 cps/kBq with a scatter fraction of 0.73% according to NEMA NU 2-2001 and NEMA NU 4-2008, respectively. The calculated NEC curve has a peak value of 122 kcps at 5.3 kBq/mL for NEMA NU 2-2001 and 908 kcps at 1.6 MBq/mL for NEMA NU 4-2008. The proposed scanner can achieve an image resolution of ~ 1 mm full-width at half-maximum in all directions. The virtually noise-free data sample leads to direct positive impact on the quality of the reconstructed images. As a consequence, high-quality high-resolution images can be obtained with significantly lower number of events compared to conventional scanners. Overall, simulation results suggest the VIP scanner can be operated either at normal dose for fast scanning and high patient throughput, or at low dose to decrease the patient radioactivity exposure. The design evaluation presented in this work is driving the development and the optimization of a fully operative prototype to prove the feasibility of the VIP concept.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation of the Expected Performance of a Seamless Scanner for Brain PET Based on Highly Pixelated CdTe Detectors

Mikhaylova

Lorenzo

Chmeissani

et al. 2014

IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging

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“…A channel activates if the energy deposited exceeds the 20 keV trigger threshold. The coincidence searching algorithm processes the list mode data to group consecutive hits laying inside a coincidence time window of 20 ns [12]. Within a group of coincident hits, energies of hits whose reciprocal distance is below 2 mm are added together and the new position assigned to the E-weighted centroid.…”

Section: Analysis Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The CdTe detectors have a parallelepiped shape with 2 cm × 1 cm section and 2 mm thickness. CdTe detectors provide excellent energy resolution as low as 1.6% FWHM for 511 keV photons at room temperature [12]. This allows to reject most of the scattered events thus reducing noise in the reconstructed image and increasing the image contrast.…”

Section: Detector Specifications and Simulation Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation and evaluation of a high resolution VIP PEM system with a dedicated LM-OSEM algorithm

et al. 2014

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Over the last two decades there have been a growing number of designs for positron emission tomography (PET) cameras optimized to image the breast. These devices, commonly known as positron emission mammography (PEM) cameras allow much more spatial resolution by putting the photon detectors directly on the breast. PEM cameras have a compact geometry with a restricted field of view (FOV) thus exhibiting higher performance and lower cost than large whole body PET scanners. Typical PEM designs are based on scintillators such as bismuth germanate (BGO), lutetium oxorthosilicate (LSO) or lutetium yttrium orthosicilate (LYSO), and characterized by large parallax error due to deficiency of the depth of interaction (DOI) information from crystals. In the case of parallel geometry PEM, large parallax error results in poor image resolution along the vertical axis. In the framework of the Voxel Imaging PET (VIP) pathfinder project, we propose a high resolution PEM scanner based on pixelated solid-state CdTe detectors. The pixel PEM device with a millimeter-size pixel pitch provides an excellent spatial resolution in all directions 8 times better than standard commercial devices with a point spread function (PSF) of 1 mm full width at half maximum (FWHM) and excellent energy resolution of down to 1.6% FWHM at 511 keV photons at room temperature. The system is capable to detect down to 1 mm diameter hot spheres in warm background.

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“…The FWHM energy resolution for 2 mm thick CdTe at 511 keV incident gamma energy is 1.57% [12] at room temperature.…”

Section: Specifications and Simulation Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Compton gamma camera prototype based on pixelated CdTe detectors

Calderon¹,

Chmeissani²,

Kolstein³

et al. 2014

J. Inst.

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A proposed Compton camera prototype based on pixelated CdTe is simulated and evaluated in order to establish its feasibility and expected performance in real laboratory tests. The system is based on module units containing a 2×4 array of square CdTe detectors of 10×10 mm area and 2 mm thickness. The detectors are pixelated and stacked forming a 3D detector with voxel sizes of 2 × 1 × 2 mm. The camera performance is simulated with Geant4-based Architecture for Medicine-Oriented Simulations(GAMOS) and the Origin Ensemble(OE) algorithm is used for the image reconstruction. The simulation shows that the camera can operate with up to 10 Bq source activities with equal efficiency and is completely saturated at 10 Bq. The efficiency of the system is evaluated using a simulated point source phantom in the center of the Field-of-View (FOV) achieving an intrinsic efficiency of 0.4 counts per second per kilobecquerel. The spatial resolution measured from the point spread function (PSF) shows a FWHM of 1.5 mm along the direction perpendicular to the scatterer, making it possible to distinguish two points at 3 mm separation with a peak-to-valley ratio of 8.

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Energy and coincidence time resolution measurements of CdTe detectors for PET

Cited by 19 publications

References 15 publications

Simulation of the Expected Performance of a Seamless Scanner for Brain PET Based on Highly Pixelated CdTe Detectors

Simulation of the Expected Performance of a Seamless Scanner for Brain PET Based on Highly Pixelated CdTe Detectors

Simulation and evaluation of a high resolution VIP PEM system with a dedicated LM-OSEM algorithm

Evaluation of Compton gamma camera prototype based on pixelated CdTe detectors

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