Energy absorbent natural materials and bioinspired design strategies: A review

McKittrick, Joanna; Chen, P.-Y.; Tombolato, Luca; Novitskaya, Ekaterina; Trim, Michael; Hirata, G.A.; Olevsky, Eugene A.; Horstemeyer, M.F.; Meyers, Marc A.

doi:10.1016/j.msec.2010.01.011

Cited by 198 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Thus, the work of fracture ( ) was estimated to be ∼7 J⋅m −2 which was of the order of data (∼13 J⋅m −2 ) reported in the literature [49], thereby suggesting that the average experimental value of 0.88 MPa⋅m 0.5 for IC(e) of the enamel nanocomposite was reasonable. …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

“…It is suggested that the fall in the IC(e) values of the enamel nanocomposite ( Figure 9) as we move from within ∼10 m of the DEJ zone up to a distance of ∼300 m away from the DEJ zone may be related to the localized smooth transition from one three-dimensional alignment of the HAP nanocrystalline rods to another [49]. Such localized microstructural and architectural transitions are characteristic of natural hierarchical biomaterials [49].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

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Mechanical Properties of Enamel Nanocomposite

Biswas

Dey

Kundu³

et al. 2013

ISRN Biomaterials

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For adult Indian premolar teeth, we report for the first time ever the simultaneous evaluations of nanohardness, Young's modulus, and fracture toughness of the enamel nanocomposite. The nanohardness and Young's moduli were evaluated from near the beginning of the middle enamel region to within ∼10 m of the dentino-enamel junction (DEJ) and in the dentin region using the nanoindentation technique. The fracture toughness from near the middle of the enamel region to near the DEJ zone was measured using the microindentation technique. The deformation was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The relative differences in the extents of biomineralization in the enamel and dentin regions were studied by the energy dispersive X-ray (EDS) technique. The variations of the toughness of the enamel as a function of the toughness of the protein matrix phase have been analyzed which showed that the predicted value of the toughness of the protein present in the nanocomposite was comparable to that of other bioproteins reported in the literature. Further, the work of fracture estimated from the measured value of toughness of the enamel nanocomposite agreed well with the experimental data reported in the literature.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Mechanical Properties of Enamel Nanocomposite

Biswas

Dey

Kundu³

et al. 2013

ISRN Biomaterials

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“…On the other hand, the enhanced understanding of keratins has fueled the research area of biological keratinous materials with the aim to create bioinspired materials. Some keratinized materials with interesting properties, such as skin [137], quills [138,139], fingernails [140], horns [141,142], whelk egg capsules [116], and bird feathers [143,144], have been studied, with the hopes to obtain mechanisms and principles to design new functional materials, such as light-weight composites, and energy-absorbent materials [145]. This is a new and fascinating area, awaiting more and in-depth explorations.…”

Section: Keratin Research Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

Keratin: Structure, mechanical properties, occurrence in biological organisms, and efforts at bioinspiration

Wang

Yang

McKittrick

et al. 2016

Progress in Materials Science

656

474

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a b s t r a c tA ubiquitous biological material, keratin represents a group of insoluble, usually high-sulfur content and filament-forming proteins, constituting the bulk of epidermal appendages such as hair, nails, claws, turtle scutes, horns, whale baleen, beaks, and feathers. These keratinous materials are formed by cells filled with keratin and are considered 'dead tissues'. Nevertheless, they are among the toughest biological materials, serving as a wide variety of interesting functions, e.g. scales to armor body, horns to combat aggressors, hagfish slime as defense against predators, nails and claws to increase prehension, hair and fur to protect against the environment. The vivid inspiring examples can offer useful solutions to design new structural and functional materials.Keratins can be classified as a-and b-types. Both show a characteristic filament-matrix structure: 7 nm diameter intermediate filaments for a-keratin, and 3 nm diameter filaments for b-keratin.Both are embedded in an amorphous keratin matrix. The molecular unit of intermediate filaments is a coiled-coil heterodimer and that of b-keratin filament is a pleated sheet. The mechanical response of a-keratin has been extensively studied and shows linear Hookean, yield and post-yield regions, and in some cases, a high reversible elastic deformation. Thus, they can be also be considered 'biopolymers'. On the other hand, b-keratin has not been investigated as comprehensively. Keratinous materials are strain-rate sensitive, and the effect of hydration is significant.Keratinous materials exhibit a complex hierarchical structure: polypeptide chains and filament-matrix structures at the nanoscale, Progress in Materials Science 76 (2016) 229-318 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Progress in Materials Sciencej o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / p m a t s c i organization of keratinized cells into lamellar, tubular-intertubular, fiber or layered structures at the microscale, and solid, compact sheaths over porous core, sandwich or threads at the macroscale. These produce a wide range of mechanical properties: the Young's modulus ranges from 10 MPa in stratum corneum to about 2.5 GPa in feathers, and the tensile strength varies from 2 MPa in stratum corneum to 530 MPa in dry hagfish slime threads. Therefore, they are able to serve various functions including diffusion barrier, buffering external attack, energy-absorption, impact-resistance, piercing opponents, withstanding repeated stress and aerodynamic forces, and resisting buckling and penetration.A fascinating part of the new frontier of materials study is the development of bioinspired materials and designs. A comprehensive understanding of the biochemistry, structure and mechanical properties of keratins and keratinous materials is of great importance for keratin-based bioinspired materials and designs. Current bioinspired efforts including the manufacturing of quill-inspired aluminum composites, animal horn-inspired SiC composites, and feather-i...

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“…When the wall and sole microhardness between the breeds was compared, it was noted that there is a significant difference (P<0.05) among the means, demonstrating that the Holstein breed hooves show microhardness greater than the Gir breed hooves. Although there is no support in specific studies on microhardness of hooves, it could be inferred, based on what occurs in the structure of materials, that the microhardness may be a predisposing factor for the structural fragility of the Holstein breed hooves McKittrick et al, 2010). The hoofs that have bigger microhardness can be the least flexible.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure of Holstein and Gir breed adult bovine hooves: histomorphometry, three-dimensional microtomography and microhardness test evaluation

Rabelo

Vulcani

Sant’Ana

et al. 2015

Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec.

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This study aimed to characterize and compare the aspects involved in the microstructural formation of the Holstein and Gir breed hoof wall by histomorphometry, three-dimensional microtomography and microhardness test techniques. Seventy-two (18H/18G thoracic and 18H/18G pelvic) Holstein (H) and Gir (G) breed hooves were collected in slaughterhouses. The hooves were divided into six groups according to breed and age group: 24 to 36 months (C1H/C1G), 36 to 60 months (C2H/C2G) and over 60 months (C3H/C3G). The normality and homogeneity analysis of morphometric variables by the Kolmogrov-Sminov and Bartlett tests was conducted as a statistical model. Once the assumptions were met, the Sigmastat 3.5 software was used and the means were compared by T test. The 5% probability level is considered. When the assumptions were not met, the means were compared by the Mann-Whitney nonparametric test, considering the 5% probability level. When comparing the Holstein and Gir breeds, no differences were noticed between them as to the length of the dermal papillae; young animals showed thicker papillae than adult animals; the Holstein breed hooves showed higher amount of 7pores on the wall and on the sole compared to the Gir breed; Holstein cattle hooves showed greater microhardness than Gir cattle; there was no microhardness difference between pigmented and non-pigmented hooves of Holstein and Gir cattle.Keywords: diseases of cattle, digits, three-dimensional microtomography, dermal papillae, podiatry RESUMO O presente estudo objetivou caracterizar e comparar os aspectos envolvidos na formação microestrutural do estojo córneo de bovinos das raças Holandesa e Gir pelas técnicas de histomorfometria, microtomografia tridimensional e teste de microdureza. Foram coletados em frigoríficos, de forma igualitária entre as raças Holandesa (H) e Gir (G), 72 cascos (18H/18G torácicos e 18H/18G pélvicos). Os cascos foram divididos em seis grupos de acordo com a raça e a faixa etária: 24 a 36 meses, (C1H/C1G), 36 a 60 meses (C2H/C2G) e acima de 60 meses (C3H/C3G

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Energy absorbent natural materials and bioinspired design strategies: A review

Cited by 198 publications

References 36 publications

Mechanical Properties of Enamel Nanocomposite

Mechanical Properties of Enamel Nanocomposite

Keratin: Structure, mechanical properties, occurrence in biological organisms, and efforts at bioinspiration

Microstructure of Holstein and Gir breed adult bovine hooves: histomorphometry, three-dimensional microtomography and microhardness test evaluation

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