Energetics of wet-suit diving in Japanese male breath-hold divers

Shiraki, Kunihiko; Sagawa, Shiro; Konda, Nobuhide; Park, Y. S.; Komatsu, T.; Hong, Suk Ki

doi:10.1152/jappl.1986.61.4.1475

Cited by 16 publications

(23 citation statements)

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“…1). Kang et al (1983) and Shiraki et al (1986) reported a slower and smaller decrement of T ළ sk in wetsuit-protected divers compared with the naked condition similar to the findings of the present study. Since the TSS used in the present study was made of neoprene, similar to the wetsuits, the TSS could limit the water inflow to the clothed body parts and attenuate the convective and conductive heat loss and thus maintain a higher T ළ sk .…”

Section: Body Temperaturesupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Several studies reported that exercise in water decreases I suit because of water leakage (Wolff et al, 1985), however even the I suit values of wetsuits during water exercise calculated in those studies were significantly higher than those of the TSS condition during immersion at rest in the present study (Yeon et al, 1987;Kang et al, 1983;Shiraki et al, 1986;Arieli et al, 1995). These data suggest that the TSS in the present study had significantly lower I suit than any other wetsuits in those previous studies.…”

Section: Thermal Insulationcontrasting

confidence: 63%

“…Several studies have examined the effects of wetsuits (Wolff et al, 1985;Cotter et al, 1995;Yeon et al, 1987;Arieli et al, 1997;Kang et al, 1983). Some reported that wetsuits do not provide adequate thermal protection to maintain the core temperature in cool or cold-water (14-27°C) (Arieli et al, 1997;Shiraki et al, 1986). However, such suits did provide additional insulation layers, thereby reducing the decrease in core body temperature and facilitating much longer immersion periods (Kang et al, 1983;Shiraki et al, 1986).…”

Section: ) Institute Of Comprehensive Human Sciences University Of mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some reported that wetsuits do not provide adequate thermal protection to maintain the core temperature in cool or cold-water (14-27°C) (Arieli et al, 1997;Shiraki et al, 1986). However, such suits did provide additional insulation layers, thereby reducing the decrease in core body temperature and facilitating much longer immersion periods (Kang et al, 1983;Shiraki et al, 1986). However, the wetsuits investigated in those studies were manufactured for use in severe cold-water environments (below 20°C) for occupational divers or military specialists.…”

Section: ) Institute Of Comprehensive Human Sciences University Of mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Insulation of the swimsuit (I suit ) was calculated using the following formula according to Shiraki et al (1986):…”

Section: Heat Loss and Thermal Insulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermal Insulation and Body Temperature Wearing a Thermal Swimsuit during Water Immersion

Wakabayashi

Hanai²,

Yokoyama

et al. 2006

J Physiol Anthropol

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This study evaluated the effects of a thermal swimsuit on body temperatures, thermoregulatory responses and thermal insulation during 60 min water immersion at rest. Ten healthy male subjects wearing either thermal swimsuits or normal swimsuits were immersed in water (26°C or 29°C). Esophageal temperature, skin temperatures and oxygen consumption were measured during the experiments. Metabolic heat production was calculated from oxygen consumption. Heat loss from skin to the water was calculated from the metabolic heat production and the change in mean body temperature during water immersion. Total insulation and tissue insulation were estimated by dividing the temperature difference between the esophagus and the water or the esophagus and the skin with heat loss from the skin. Esophageal temperature with a thermal swimsuit was higher than that with a normal swimsuit at the end of immersion in both water temperature conditions (pϽ0.05). Oxygen consumption, metabolic heat production and heat loss from the skin were less with the thermal swimsuit than with a normal swimsuit in both water temperatures (pϽ0.05). Total insulation with the thermal swimsuit was higher than that with a normal swimsuit due to insulation of the suit at both water temperatures (pϽ0.05). Tissue insulation was similar in all four conditions, but significantly higher with the thermal swimsuit in both water temperature conditions (pϽ0.05), perhaps due to of the attenuation of shivering during immersion with a thermal swimsuit. A thermal swimsuit can increase total insulation and reduce heat loss from the skin. Therefore, subjects with thermal swimsuits can maintain higher body temperatures than with a normal swimsuit and reduce shivering thermo-genesis.

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Section: Body Temperaturesupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Thermal Insulationcontrasting

confidence: 63%

Section: ) Institute Of Comprehensive Human Sciences University Of mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ) Institute Of Comprehensive Human Sciences University Of mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Insulation of the swimsuit (I suit ) was calculated using the following formula according to Shiraki et al (1986):…”

Section: Heat Loss and Thermal Insulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Thermal Insulation and Body Temperature Wearing a Thermal Swimsuit during Water Immersion

Wakabayashi

Hanai²,

Yokoyama

et al. 2006

J Physiol Anthropol

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Effect of non-uniform skin temperature on thermoregulatory response during water immersion

et al. 2008

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The present study investigated the effect of non-uniform skin temperature distribution on thermoregulatory responses and subjective thermal sensation during water immersion. Ten healthy male subjects carried out 60 min water immersion twice, once with uniform (UST) and once with non-uniform (NUST) skin temperature. In UST condition, subjects immersed at 29 degrees C in naked condition, while in NUST condition, subjects immersed at 26 degrees C with partial coverage wetsuit (PCWS). The PCWS covers trunk region, upper arms, and thighs. The non-uniform skin temperature distribution, higher at trunk and lower at distal extremities, was observed in NUST condition. Shivering thermogenesis was not influenced by the skin temperature distribution at the experimental condition of this study. On the other hand, the tissue insulation (I (tissue)) was significantly higher in NUST condition compared to the UST condition. The increment of I (tissue) might have been caused by the peripheral vasoconstriction induced by the cold input from the distal extremities in NUST condition. The higher I (tissue) in NUST condition might lead to the significantly higher esophageal temperature compared to UST condition. No difference was observed in thermal sensation between the two conditions. Subjects felt slightly more comfortable in NUST condition than in UST condition. In conclusion, the non-uniform skin temperature distribution, higher at trunk and lower at distal extremities, might affect the peripheral vasoconstriction to increase the I (tissue). On the other hand, shivering thermogenesis and subjective thermal sensation were not affected by the non-uniform skin temperature distribution at the present experimental condition.

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Thermal status of wet-suited divers using closed circuit O2 apparatus in sea water of 17?18.5�C

Arieli

Kerem

Gonen

et al. 1997

European Journal of Applied Physiology

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A wet suit may not provide adequate thermal protection when diving in moderately cold water (17-18 degrees C), and any resultant mild hypothermia may impair performance during prolonged diving. We studied heat exchange during a dive to a depth of 5 m in sea water (17-18.5 degrees C) in divers wearing a full wet suit and using closed-circuit oxygen breathing apparatus. Eight fin swimmers dived for 3.1 h and six underwater scooter (UWS) divers propelled themselves through the water for 3.7 h. The measurements taken throughout the dive were the oxygen pressure in the cylinder and skin and rectal temperatures (Tre). Each subject also completed a cold score questionnaire. The Tre decreased continuously in all subjects. Oxygen consumption in the fin divers (1.40 l.min-1) was higher than that of the UWS divers (1.05 l.min-1). The mean total insulation was 0.087 degree C.m2.W-1 in both groups. Mean body insulation was 37% of the total insulation (suit insulation was 63%). The reduction in Tre over the 1st hour was related to subcutaneous fat thickness. There was a correlation between cold score and Tre at the end of 1 h, but not after that. A full wet suit does not appear to provide adequate thermal protection when diving in moderately cold water.

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Energetics of wet-suit diving in Japanese male breath-hold divers

Cited by 16 publications

References 0 publications

Thermal Insulation and Body Temperature Wearing a Thermal Swimsuit during Water Immersion

Thermal Insulation and Body Temperature Wearing a Thermal Swimsuit during Water Immersion

Effect of non-uniform skin temperature on thermoregulatory response during water immersion

Thermal status of wet-suited divers using closed circuit O2 apparatus in sea water of 17?18.5�C

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