Energetics of swimming in man.

Prampero, P. E. di; Pendergast, David R.; Wilson, D. Wright; Rennie, D. W.

doi:10.1152/jappl.1974.37.1.1

Cited by 163 publications

(99 citation statements)

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“…During swimming the animals were attached to a weighted line to create three work levels (25-50%, 75% and 80-100% of maximum effort). Loads were determined from the predicted metabolic scope of swimming sea lions (Feldkamp, 1987;Williams et al, 1991) and followed the procedures of di Prampero et al (di Prampero et al, 1974). Exercise load was increased by adding weights to a line connected to a lowfriction pulley system that was attached to a nylon loop carried on the back of the animal.…”

Section: Experimental Protocol Adultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of water temperature on the energetic costs of juvenile and adult California sea lions (Zalophus californianus): the importance of skeletal muscle thermogenesis for thermal balance

Liwanag

Williams

Costa

et al. 2009

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARY, increased as water temperature approached 12°C, and suggested a potential thermal limitation in the wild. To determine whether muscle thermogenesis during activity could mitigate this limitation, we measured the active metabolic rate of juveniles swimming at water temperature (T water )5, 12 and 20°C. No significant difference (F0.377, P0.583) in swimming metabolic rate was found among water temperatures, suggesting that thermal disadvantages due to small body size in juvenile sea lions may be circumvented by recycling endogenous heat during locomotor activity.

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Section: Experimental Protocol Adultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of water temperature on the energetic costs of juvenile and adult California sea lions (Zalophus californianus): the importance of skeletal muscle thermogenesis for thermal balance

Liwanag

Williams

Costa

et al. 2009

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…These parameters vary as a consequence of the distance of the event and the level of fatigue accumulated during this event. In relation to fatigue, reduced propulsive forces and an increased resistance to forward movement results in loss of speed (Di Prampero et al, 1974). Specifically, this reduction is produced by shortening the stroke length and by the difficulty to produce higher stroke rates (Keskinen, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of fatigue on the intra-cycle acceleration in front crawl swimming: A time–frequency analysis

Tella

Toca-Herrera

Gallach

et al. 2008

Journal of Biomechanics

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The present study analyzes the changes in acceleration produced by swimmers before and after fatiguing effort.The subjects (n=15) performed a 25-meter crawl series at maximum speed without fatigue, and a second series with fatigue. The data were registered with a synchronized system that consisted in a position transducer (1 kHz) and a video photogrametry (50Hz). The acceleration (ms -2 ) was obtained by the derivative analysis of the variation of the position with time. The amplitude in the time domain was calculated with the root mean square (RMS); while the peak power (PP), the peak power frequency (PPF) and the spectrum area (SA) was calculated in the frequency domain with Fourier analysis.On one hand, the results of the temporal domain show that the RMS change percentage between series was 67.5% (p<0.001). On the other hand, PP, PPF, and SA show significant changes (p<0.001). PP and SA were reduced by 63.1% and 59.5%, respectively. Our results show that the acceleration analysis of the swimmer with Fourier analysis permits a more precise understanding of which propulsive forces contribute to the swimmer performance before and after fatigue appears.3

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“…1), but there figure 3, where the subject doubled his swimming speed before he had any increase in his Vo2 and then his V02 increased rapidly with the increasing speed. A major factor in swimming is the body build for this determines the sinking force" 16 and the drag force," 16 both of which must be overcome during swimming. We could not reliably weigh our subjects in the water because they could not perform a full expiration while completely submerged, but they all floated easily and so the sinking force was probably not a major factor.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of swimming on patients with ischemic heart disease.

Magder¹,

Linnarsson²,

Gullstrand³

1981

Circulation

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SUMMARY Swimming is frequently recommended for cardiac rehabilitation, but little is known of its physiologic consequences in ischemic heart disease. Eight males who had had a myocardial infarction 8-17 months before the study were exercised to exhaustion or angina with 10 W/min-1 ramp on a cycle ergometer in sitting and supine positions. Oxygen uptake (V02) was continuously measured to monitor the physiologic power requirement. All eight patients were taking fl blockers and four were taking digoxin. During sitting cycling, angina occurred in four and ST depression in five; during supine cycling, angina occurred in five and ST depression in six. VO2 was then measured while they swam at their own comfortable speed (mean 0.43 m/sec-') in a swimming flume at water temperatures of 25.5°C and 18°C. In six, the water speed was gradually increased until they were limited by symptoms. Comfortable swimming at 25.5°C was 87% (1.28 1/min-m) and at 18°C 89% (1.30 1/min-m) of sitting peak V02, while heart rates were 92% and 91% respectively. The mean peak VO2 and heart rate did not differ significantly between bicycle and swim tests (peak VO2 sitting 1.49 ± 0.23, supine 1.42 ± 0.24, 25.5°C 1.60 ± 0.17, 18°C 1.52 ± 0.19 1/min-'). Only two patients reported angina while swimming in warm water and one in cold water, although ST depression occurred in six in both swims. The subjective comfort and large muscle groups involved make swimming a good exercise, but the high relative energy cost and failure to identify ischemic symptoms indicate caution in cardiac patients, especially if their swimming skills are poor.THE PHYSIOLOGY of swimming in fit normal subjects and trained swimmers, both young and old, has been described,1-3 but the pathophysiology of swimming in patients with ischemic heart disease has been studied little.4' 5 Our understanding of this condition raises theoretical concerns. Immersion in water6 and a horizontal body position both increase the central blood volume,7 which could stress the limited reserves of patients with ischemic heart disease.8 The large contribution of work from the arms, which results in a higher peripheral vascular resistance than leg work at the same work load,9 the compressive effect of the water on the extremities" 6 and the decreased skin blood flow" 6 all increase the left ventricular afterload and thus might decrease the subjects' peak work level.10 The swimming flume, a kind of "swimming treadmill," offered a controlled and safe environment for evaluating such patients."" Oxygen uptake (VO2) was used as an objective measure of the amount of work performed, and the ECG as an indicator of ischemic changes. The swimming results were related to the subjects' performance in the sitting and supine positions on a bicycle ergometer. Further, swimming tests were performed with water temperatures of 18°C and 25°C to assess the effect of different water temperatures. Patients and MethodsWe selected eight males, ages [49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66] Prefere...

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Energetics of swimming in man.

Cited by 163 publications

References 0 publications

The effects of water temperature on the energetic costs of juvenile and adult California sea lions (Zalophus californianus): the importance of skeletal muscle thermogenesis for thermal balance

The effects of water temperature on the energetic costs of juvenile and adult California sea lions (Zalophus californianus): the importance of skeletal muscle thermogenesis for thermal balance

Effect of fatigue on the intra-cycle acceleration in front crawl swimming: A time–frequency analysis

The effect of swimming on patients with ischemic heart disease.

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