Energetics of Pollination

Heinrich, Bernd

doi:10.1146/annurev.es.06.110175.001035

Cited by 431 publications

(269 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…For example, one would expect that many mainland plants should be obligately pollinated by specific groups of pollinators. Many instances of tightly bonded relationships do occur in the mainland tropics (Colwell 1973;Heinrich 1975) and deserts (see Baker and Hurd 1968 for examples). In contrast with mainlands, islands have low plant and pollinator species diversity (e.g.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…But whether the richness -2 -is finely tuned to maximize outbreeding by minimizing sedentariness in the pollinators has not been studied. Trees in the tropics often flower profusely as individuals (Janzen 1967, Richards 1950, and this would seem to be an anomalous situation (Heinrich 1975) that would increase selfing by geitonogamy--that is, by pollination of another flower on the same individual plant--at the expense of outbreeding, or even result in poor seed set in those species that are self-incompatible. Ohia is capable of profuse flowering, and thus offers an opportunity not only to test the idea of a ceiling on richness of nectar reward, but also to investigate the anomaly of profuse flowering.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plant-Pollinator Interactions in Hawaii: Pollination Energetics of Metrosideros Collina (Myrtaceae)

Carpenter¹

1976

Ecology

161

124

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The most abundant tree species in much of the undisturbed Hawaiian forests was the subject of a two year study on plant-pollinator interaction and energetics. The purposes of the study were 1) to determine the roles of insects and of some endemic Hawaiian birds in the pollination of the tree, Metrosideros collins, 2) to test the hypothesis that maximal outbreeding and seed set occur at intermediate levels of nectar availability, 3) to understand the adaptive significance of profuse flowering in this species, and 4) to compare the pollination ecology of this species and the degree of specialization in the plant-pollinator community with those of similar mainland systems.Endemic Hawaiian birds (Drepanididae) are essential for high levels of fruit set and outbreeding in M. collina. Fruit set was much higher in redflowered individuals when birds were allowed to use inflorescences than when only insects used them. This is apparently caused by partial self-incompatibility, such that maximal fruit set occurs only with outbreeding, the primary agents of which are the birds. The predominant flower color in the population, the dimensions of floral parts, and copious nectar secretion adapt this species to bird pollination. However, insects effect moderate amounts of pollination In comparison with mainland communities, the degree of specialization in the plant-pollinator relationship seems to be less in Hawaiian forests, although more information is needed on the Hawaiian lobelias and Sophora chrysophylla before such a statement should be made ~ith any certainty.-i i - ABSTRACT ••• LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES INTRODUCTION • • MATERIALS AND METHODSThe study subjects Nectar measurements -iv-

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant-Pollinator Interactions in Hawaii: Pollination Energetics of Metrosideros Collina (Myrtaceae)

Carpenter¹

1976

Ecology

161

124

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“…Instead, it exhibits a floral colour change, going from green with purple streaks to a uniform red (Kirk 1892). Such colour changes are usually associated with changes in nectar production (Heinrich 1975) and may indicate either the onset or termination of such rewards (see Casper & LaPine 1984). Floral colour changes have been suggested to be advantageous to both the animal pollinator and the plant: the pollinator is directed away from nectarless flowers, thereby increasing its foraging efficiency; the plant benefits by directing visits to flowers with receptive stigmas and pollenbearing anthers, while simultaneously reducing the risk of damage to fertilised ovaries (Gori 1983).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pollinator visits to floral colour phases ofFuchsia excorticata

Delph

Lively

1985

New Zealand Journal of Zoology

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Fuchsia excorticata is a gynodioecious tree (endemic to New Zealand) which is pollinated by honeyeater birds. Red, tubular flowers are common among bird-pollinated plants, and the tubular flowers of F. excorticata change colour from green to red. The purpose of the present study was to describe the timing of the colour change, dropping of the floral tube, and nectar production of F. excorticata and to determine how bellbirds iAnthornis melanura) and two introduced species of nectar robbers (Zosterops lateralis and Bombus sp.) respond to the different colour phases.Floral tubes fell off about II days after anthesis in both sexes, with colour change occurring on about Day-4 for female trees and on about Day-S for hermaphrodite trees. Green-phase hermaphrodite flowers produced significantly more nectar/day than did green-phase female flowers, while red-phase flowers did not produce nectar in either sex. All three floral visitors studied preferentially visited green-phase flowers and virtually ignored the nectarless flowers in the red phase. These results contrast with the general association between red, bird-pollinated flowers and the presence of a nectar reward. We suggest that the non-migratory habit of the New Zealand honeyeaters and the lack of native insect visitors to this species may account for this anomalous green-to-red colour change.

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“…En ambientes de alta montaña, dípteros y lepidópteros son los visitadores florales predominantes (Mani 1962, Moldenke 1972, Primack 1978, Arroyo et al 1982, Warren et al 1988, Kearns 1992, Totland 1993. En términos generales, los insectos ectotermos son principalmente dípteros y lepidópteros, mientras que dentro de los endotermos predominan los himenópteros, existiendo también algunos dípteros y lepidópteros (Heinrich 1975). En ambas especies de Chaetanthera la tasa de visita de F. leucoglene (Lepidóptera) mostró una asociación positiva con la temperatura, a pesar de que la densidad de capítulos florales en los parches (y el tamaño de los capítulos florales en C. apiculata) fueron mayores en las poblaciones con microclimas menos benignos.…”

Section: Microclima Y Actividad De Insectos Polinizadoresunclassified