Energetic Salts Based on Furazan‐Functionalized Tetrazoles: Routes to Boost Energy

Abstract

Based on the backbone of the furazan-tetrazole structure, routes were developed to improve the properties of energetic materials. Two types of high-density energetic salts were designed, prepared, and fully characterized. Single-crystal X-ray analyses support the structural characteristics for two amino salts. A majority of the salts exhibited good detonation properties, high thermal stabilities, and relatively low impact and friction sensitivities. Hydroxylammonium and hydrazinium salts, 1-3 and 1-4, which have relatively high densities (1.84 and 1.74 g cm(-3,) , respectively), acceptable impact and friction sensitivities (14 J, 160 N and 28 J, 360 N), and good detonation pressures (38.3 and 32.2 GPa) and velocities (9323 and 9094 m s(-1) ), have performance properties superior to 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX) and triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB).

Assembly of Tetrazolylfuroxan Organic Salts: Multipurpose Green Energetic Materials with High Enthalpies of Formation and Excellent Detonation Performance

“…All compounds were fully characterized by IR and multinuclear ( 1 H, 13 C, 14 N) NMR spectroscopya sw ell as elemental analysis. Because the synthesized energetic salts have ah igh nitrogen content, several representatives, namely salts 5 and 8, were additionally characterized by 15 NNMR spectroscopy ( Figure 2).…”

“…The signals were assigned on the basis of the literature values of resonance peaks in similarc ompounds. [13] By reason of the symmetry of the tetrazolate anion, only two signals of tetrazole-ring nitrogen atoms were observed. It is of interest that one of the nitrogen atoms of the azide functionality closestt ot he furoxan ring shows as ignificantly higher upfield chemicals hift( À294.0 ppm) than the N4 and N5 atoms.…”

“…Te trazole-based energetic materials usually show attractive features such as ah igh nitrogen contenta nd thermals tability (because of aromaticity). [13] Incorporation of the furoxan moiety improves the oxygen balance of energetic materials, which is due to the presence of two active oxygen atoms in the ring. [14] In addition, both heterocyclic motifs release environmentally benign gaseous nitrogen aso ne of the main decomposition products.T he alliance of furoxan and tetrazole was studied to give compounds with good oxygen balance and energy performance.…”

Energetic Salts Based on Tetrazole N‐Oxide

“…However, HEDMs, such as tetrazoles, with multiple nitro groups may cause unexpected danger during both their synthesis and performance testing . New trends in the research and development of tetrazole‐based energetic materials include introducing N ‐oxides onto the tetrazole ring to improve the oxygen balance without losing energy or stability …”

Two Energetic Salts based on 5,5′-Bitetrazole-1,1′-diolate: Syntheses, Characterization, and Properties

“…Recently, energetic salts based on N‐heterocycles, especially those on azoles, had drawn considerable attention, since ionic compounds always displayed attractive properties such as lower vapor pressures and higher densities compared with those of their similar nonionic analogues , . As a good compromise between high performance and low sensitivity with high nitrogen content and high heat of formation, the tetrazole ring played a very important role in energetic salts.…”