Energetic costs of the immune response and torpor use in a primate

Canale, Cindy I.; Henry, Pierre‐Yves

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01815.x

Cited by 42 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Hence our observation may indicate that the APR is highly stereotyped and not affected by energetic constraints. However, a number of studies clearly contradict this hypothesis and show that reductions in fat reserves result in attenuated APR responses [53]–[56]. In addition, another component of the APR (i.e.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural Parasite Infection Affects the Tolerance but Not the Response to a Simulated Secondary Parasite Infection

2012

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Parasites deplete the resources of their host and can consequently affect the investment in competing traits (e.g. reproduction and immune defence). The immunocompetence handicap hypothesis posits that testosterone (T) mediates trade-offs between parasite defence and reproductive investment by suppressing immune function in male vertebrates while more recently a role for glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol (C)) in resource allocation has been suggested. These hypotheses however, have not always found support in wild animals, possibly because most studies focus on a single parasite species, whereas infections with multiple parasites are the rule in nature. We measured body mass, T- and C-levels of wild male highveld mole-rats (Cryptomys hottentotus pretoriae) naturally uninfected or infected with a cestode (Mathevotaenia sp.) right after capture. Subsequently, we injected animals subcutaneously with a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to simulate a bacterial infection and recorded changes in body mass, food intake, haematological parameters and hormone levels. As a control, animals were injected with saline. Natural infection neither affected initial body mass nor C-levels, whereas infected males had significantly reduced T-levels. We observed significant reductions in food intake, body mass and T in response to LPS but not saline while C increased. However, this response did not vary with infection status. In contrast, final body mass and some haematological parameters were significantly lowered in infected males. Our results suggest that naturally infected males are able to compensate for resource depletion by physiological adjustments. However, this leaves them less tolerant to the challenges of a secondary infection.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural Parasite Infection Affects the Tolerance but Not the Response to a Simulated Secondary Parasite Infection

2012

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“…The combination of experimental approaches allowed us to also compare general differences and similarities in both the response to infection and the trade‐off between immune system activation and energy conservation in hypothermic endotherms (cf. Canale & Henry ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endotoxin injection attenuates rest‐phase hypothermia in wintering great tits through the onset of fever

et al. 2012

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Summary1. Endothermic animals in the boreal region experience considerable thermoregulatory costs in winter, especially during inactive periods when high demands cannot be met by increased food intake. This might necessitate a trade-off between resting thermoregulation and other energetically expensive processes, such as immune function, but this has rarely been investigated. 2. We evaluated how immune activation affected rest-phase hypothermia (an important energy conservation mechanism in small animals), in wild great tits (Parus major L.) wintering under semi-natural conditions in southern Sweden. The acute phase response was triggered immediately prior to sunset through intramuscular lipopolysaccharide (LPS, an endotoxin) administration in two contrasting, naturally occurring, thermal regimes (cold, mild). We then noninvasively measured the thermoregulatory response throughout the night using subcutaneously implanted temperature-sensitive transmitters. 3. Despite the energetic benefits of hypothermia, immunized great tits displayed an attenuated hypothermic response manifested through the onset of fever, possibly at the expense of a higher sustained metabolic rate. In line with this, these birds lost more body mass overnight (but only in mild conditions) and consequently were in worse condition the subsequent morning. 4. Fever expression was remarkably similar in cold and mild conditions, despite substantial variation in the energetic cost for thermoregulation. This suggest that the degree of fever is flexible and represents a trade-off between the minimum body temperature required to mount an adequate acute phase response and the energy expenditure needed to maintain it. 5. We suggest that while energy conservation and immune function may not always be exclusive activities, costs of immune defences probably constitute an important additive energetic cost during northern winter conditions, sometimes calling for trade-offs with other important physiological processes to survive the night.

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“…LPS is an endotoxin present in most gram-negative bacteria. When injected, LPS stimulates a non-pathogenic, short-lived inflammatory response characterized by the release of proinflammatory cytokines potentially triggering the development of fever, weight loss, and lethargy [13, 14]. Experimental work in homeothermic vertebrates indicates that the effects of PHA and LPS application on metabolic rate are not uniform.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic Cost of the Activation of Immune Response in the Fish-Eating Myotis (Myotis vivesi): The Effects of Inflammation and the Acute Phase Response

2016

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Inflammation and activation of the acute phase response (APR) are energetically demanding processes that protect against pathogens. Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are antigens commonly used to stimulate inflammation and the APR, respectively. We tested the hypothesis that the APR after an LPS challenge was energetically more costly than the inflammatory response after a PHA challenge in the fish-eating Myotis bat (Myotis vivesi). We measured resting metabolic rate (RMR) after bats were administered PHA and LPS. We also measured skin temperature (Tskin) after the LPS challenge and skin swelling after the PHA challenge. Injection of PHA elicited swelling that lasted for several days but changes in RMR and body mass were not significant. LPS injection produced a significant increase in Tskin and in RMR, and significant body mass loss. RMR after LPS injection increased by 140–185% and the total cost of the response was 6.50 kJ. Inflammation was an energetically low-cost process but the APR entailed a significant energetic investment. Examination of APR in other bats suggests that the way in which bats deal with infections might not be uniform.

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Energetic costs of the immune response and torpor use in a primate

Cited by 42 publications

References 60 publications

Natural Parasite Infection Affects the Tolerance but Not the Response to a Simulated Secondary Parasite Infection

Natural Parasite Infection Affects the Tolerance but Not the Response to a Simulated Secondary Parasite Infection

Endotoxin injection attenuates rest‐phase hypothermia in wintering great tits through the onset of fever

Metabolic Cost of the Activation of Immune Response in the Fish-Eating Myotis (Myotis vivesi): The Effects of Inflammation and the Acute Phase Response

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