Endurance Sports

Åstrand, Per‐Olof

doi:10.1002/9780470694930.ch2

Cited by 7 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Pas- sive recovery, except the CMJs performed during four recovery bouts, was selected also because of the comparison of work and rest V Ç O 2 proportions between the present IR modifications. During IR 60 a greater proportion of total oxygen was consumed during recovery and evidently used for recharging the myoglobin bind oxygen stores and for the resynthesis of phosphocreatine [4]. The significantly lower peak oxygen consumption, peak heart rate and blood lactate level during IR 60 in comparison to IR 120 suggests that a 60 second recovery time after a 60 second run is enough for these processes to assist intermittent running at V max .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of the oldest studies [15] of intermittent muscle work has showed that at the intensities exceeding the maximal oxygen uptake intermittent exercises can be performed without blood lactate accumulation and muscle fatigue if the duration of the exercise bouts is not longer than 30 seconds. This is possible through unloading of myoglobin oxygen and phosphocreatine stores and their rapid recharging during the recovery periods [4]. If the duration of work and rest periods is lengthened the physiological strain will increase and the desired exercise can only be accomplished at a great effort [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of Physiological Strain and Muscular Performance of Athletes During Two Intermittent Running Exercises at the Velocity Associated with V˙O2max

Vuorimaa¹,

Vasankari²,

Rusko³

2000

Int J Sports Med

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The purpose of this study was to examine physiological strain and muscular performance responses of well trained athletes during two intermittent running exercise protocols at the velocity associated with VO2max. Ten national level middle-distance runners (VO2max 69.4+/-5.1; mean+/-SD) performed in random order two 28 min treadmill running exercises: 14 bouts of 60 s runs with 60 s rest (IR60) and 7 bouts of 120 s runs with 120 s rest between each run (IR120). During IR120 peak oxygen uptake (12%), peak heart rate (3%) and peak blood lactate (79%) were significantly higher than during IR60 (P< 0.001) and almost the same as in the VO2max test. In IR120 the relative aerobic energy release calculated on the basis of the accumulated oxygen deficit during the running bouts was significantly higher than in IR60 (81.5+/-2.7 vs. 70.2+/-2.6%, P<0.001) likewise the sum oxygen consumption during the 14 min running (P< 0.001), while during the 14 min recovery it was as much lower (P < 0.001). There were no changes either during or between the IR60 and IR120 protocols with regard to the muscular performance parameters, stride length or height of maximal vertical jumps. In conclusion, during intermittent running at the velocity associated with VO2max doubling the duration of work and rest bouts from 60 s to 120s increased the physiological strain of well trained athletes to the same level as at exhaustion in the VO2max test but the muscular performance variables were not influenced.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Physiological Strain and Muscular Performance of Athletes During Two Intermittent Running Exercises at the Velocity Associated with V˙O2max

Vuorimaa¹,

Vasankari²,

Rusko³

2000

Int J Sports Med

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“…A high maximal oxygen uptake (V Ç O 2 max) is an important prerequisite for endurance performance. However, V Ç O 2 max intensity can only be sustained for approximately 7 ± 10 min [2,6,10]. Several endurance events last beyond 10 min and are performed at an intensity below the maximal oxygen uptake [2,9,10,21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, V Ç O 2 max intensity can only be sustained for approximately 7 ± 10 min [2,6,10]. Several endurance events last beyond 10 min and are performed at an intensity below the maximal oxygen uptake [2,9,10,21]. Studies in which the relationship between plasma lactate response, V Ç O 2 max, and endurance performance were investigated showed a higher correlation between endurance performance and lactate variables such as anaerobic threshold, than with V Ç O 2 max [7,18,23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Stage Duration in Incremental Running Tests on Physiological Variables

Kuipers

Rietjens²,

Verstappen³

et al. 2003

Int J Sports Med

100

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To study the effect of stage duration on some physiological variables in an incremental running test, 8 well-trained runners underwent 3 running tests, with stage durations of 1, 3 and 6 min. To study maximal lactate steady state (maxLASS) and its corresponding speed, every subject underwent a 4th test with three 15-min stages at three speeds, based on the running speed at 4 mmol/l blood lactate (V4) in the 6 min per stage protocol. The first load in the 15 min per stage test was V4 - 0.5 km/h, the second at V4, and the third V4 + 0.5 km/h. To compare the maxLASS speed with outdoor performance, the subjects also ran 5 km at this speed on an outdoor track. Mean maximal running speed (V (max)) in the incremental test was significantly lower in the 6-min (15.1 km/h) and 3-min stage protocol (17.1 km/h), compared with the 1-min stage protocol (18.3 km/h). Mean peak VO (2) and mean peak heart rate were not different between the protocols with different stage duration. The mean V4 was significantly lower in the 6 min per stage protocol compared with the 3 min per stage protocol (12.9 vs. 14.4 km/h). Mean ventilatory threshold was not different between the 1, 3 and 6 min per stage protocols. No threshold behaviour was found in respiratory rate. MaxLASS can be estimated from V4 in the 6 min per stage protocol, and verified by three 15-min intensities being V4 - 0.5 km/h, at V4, and V4 + 0.5 km/h. The mean blood lactate concentration at the maxLASS speed was not different between treadmill running and outdoor running on a track. In conclusion, for measuring peak values of physiological variables in an incremental running test, the duration per stage is of less importance, however, when measuring blood lactate concentration as a function of running speed, the duration per stage should be at least 6 min.

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“…Currently, one of the main tasks in the practice of sports is the timely correction of the educational process in order to optimize it [1]. In this regard, the question arises of choosing the most informative indicators that reflect different levels of adaptation of the athlete's body to physical activity, especially for the development of general endurance in sports that present special requirements for this physical ability [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Red blood cells state and calcium content of in the blood plasma during physical activity in marathon runners of various qualifications

Olefirenko¹,

Pоpеl²

2019

HSR

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The aim of the work is to investigate the morpho-functional state of peripheral blood erythrocytes and the content of Ca2+ in the blood plasma during physical exercise in marathoners of different qualifications.Material and methods. The studies were conducted in three groups of marathoners aged 20–25 years old with conditionally high, medium and low performance. Exercise was performed for 90 minutes on a bicycle ergometer with a given power. The study of peripheral blood erythrocytes was performed before and after exercise. The osmotic resistance of erythrocytes, the content of Ca2+ and free fatty acids in the blood were determined. Morphological study of erythrocytes was performed using a scanning electron microscope and stained by standard techniques. The red blood cell form index was determined by a special formula. Changing the content of Ca2+ enhances lipid melting, increases membrane fluidity and increases surface tension, with the result that the discocytes are stretched and thinned, the central pits deepen and the surface roughness increases, the volume and number of conical pores, and peripheral blood erythrocytes density.Results. Marathon runners of different groups after physical exercise differed in terms of the frequency of cardiac sweeps, the content of free fatty acids and the osmotic resistance of red blood cells. This is closely correlated with changes in the electrolyte and metric composition of erythrocytes and the presence of their reversible and irreversible forms in the general circulation after exercise. Conclutions. Physical activity causes structural and functional reorganization of erythrocytes, which is based on a change in their microelement composition, a decrease in osmotic resistance, mainly in poorly trained marathoners, and the appearance of various forms of erythrocytes against the background of the destruction of degenerative forms and an increase in the active release of young forms, which is a sign of high adaptive capacity in highly skilled athletes.

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Endurance Sports

Cited by 7 publications

References 11 publications

Comparison of Physiological Strain and Muscular Performance of Athletes During Two Intermittent Running Exercises at the Velocity Associated with V˙O2max

Comparison of Physiological Strain and Muscular Performance of Athletes During Two Intermittent Running Exercises at the Velocity Associated with V˙O2max

Effects of Stage Duration in Incremental Running Tests on Physiological Variables

Red blood cells state and calcium content of in the blood plasma during physical activity in marathon runners of various qualifications

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