Endurance exercise selectively impairs prefrontal-dependent cognition

Dietrich, Arne; Sparling, Phillip B.

doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2004.03.002

Cited by 168 publications

(131 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…It is important then to note that despite appearing to be independent concepts, physical and mental effort similarly put strain on the cognitive system by expending cognitive resources (Dietrich, 2003;Dietrich & Sparling, 2004;Franconeri, Alverez & Cavanagh, 2013). Mental and physical effort therefore draw from and deplete a common cognitive resource.…”

Section: Mental and Physical Effortmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given these findings highlighting the similarities between the effects of physical and mental effort on time perception, one can hypothesise that physical and mental exertion could have similar disruptive effects on temporal measures of the sense of agency, driven by the depletion of cognitive resources (Dietrich, 2003;Dietrich & Sparling, 2004, Franconeri et al, 2013Hon et al, 2013).…”

Section: Effort Disrupts Implicit Agencymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Physical and mental effort disrupts the implicit sense of agency

2016

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We investigated the effect of effort on implicit agency ascription for actions performed under varying levels of physical effort or cognitive load. People are able to estimate the interval between two events accurately, but they underestimate the interval between their own actions and their outcomes. This effect is known as 'intentional binding', and may provide feedback regarding the consequences of our actions. Concurrently with the interval reproduction task, our participants pulled sports resistance bands at high and low resistance levels (Experiments 1 and 2), or performed a working memory task with high and low set-sizes (Experiment 3).Intentional binding was greater under low than high effort. When the effort was task-related (Experiment 1), this effect depended on the individual's explicit appraisal of exertion, while the effect of effort was evident at the group level when the effort was task-unrelated (physical, Experiment 2; mental, Experiment 3). These findings imply that the process of intentional binding is compromised when cognitive resources are depleted, either through physical or mental strain. We discuss this notion in relation to the integration of direct sensorimotor feedback with signals of agency and other instances of cognitive resource depletion and action control during strain.Keywords: Sense of agency, temporal binding, intentional binding, experience of effort, time perception. EFFORT DISRUPTS IMPLICIT AGENCY 3 Physical and mental effort disrupts the implicit sense of agencyIt is important that the human motor system can efficiently process events which are the result of its own actions, and to discriminate these from events in the world for which it is not responsible. For instance, if I kick a ball and it knocks over and smashes a vase of flowers, I know my action of kicking the ball was responsible for the vase smashing. Selfauthored events like this tend to be easy to identify and this feeling that 'I did it' is known as a sense of agency. Some actions are more effortful than others; kicking a ball as hard as one can might break a vase, but so might brushing one's arm against it as one walks past it precariously positioned near the edge of a table. Both these actions have the same outcome, but might require the action monitoring system to respond differently in order to correctly ascribe agency. Here, we tested the role of physical and mental effort on the ascription of sense of agency, using an implicit measure.

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Section: Mental and Physical Effortmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effort Disrupts Implicit Agencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical and mental effort disrupts the implicit sense of agency

2016

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“…An attempt can be made based on the transient hypofrontality hypothesis of Dietrich and colleagues (Dietrich, 2003;Dietrich and Sparling, 2004). They suggested that there is a temporary inhibition of neural activity in the prefrontal lobe during monotonous, automated movements (Dietrich and McDaniel, 2004).…”

Section: Personality Correlates Of Physical Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The biological control of voluntary exercise, spontaneous physical activity and daily energy expenditure in relation to obesity: human and rodent perspectives

Garland

Schutz

Chappell

et al. 2011

Journal of Experimental Biology

375

434

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Summary Mammals expend energy in many ways, including basic cellular maintenance and repair, digestion, thermoregulation, locomotion, growth and reproduction. These processes can vary tremendously among species and individuals, potentially leading to large variation in daily energy expenditure (DEE). Locomotor energy costs can be substantial for large-bodied species and those with high-activity lifestyles. For humans in industrialized societies, locomotion necessary for daily activities is often relatively low, so it has been presumed that activity energy expenditure and DEE are lower than in our ancestors. Whether this is true and has contributed to a rise in obesity is controversial. In humans, much attention has centered on spontaneous physical activity (SPA) or non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT), the latter sometimes defined so broadly as to include all energy expended due to activity, exclusive of volitional exercise. Given that most people in Western societies engage in little voluntary exercise, increasing NEAT may be an effective way to maintain DEE and combat overweight and obesity. One way to promote NEAT is to decrease the amount of time spent on sedentary behaviours (e.g. watching television). The effects of voluntary exercise on other components of physical activity are highly variable in humans, partly as a function of age, and have rarely been studied in rodents. However, most rodent studies indicate that food consumption increases in the presence of wheels; therefore, other aspects of physical activity are not reduced enough to compensate for the energetic cost of wheel running. Most rodent studies also show negative effects of wheel access on body fat, especially in males. Sedentary behaviours per se have not been studied in rodents in relation to obesity. Several lines of evidence demonstrate the important role of dopamine, in addition to other neural signaling networks (e.g. the endocannabinoid system), in the control of voluntary exercise. A largely separate literature points to a key role for orexins in SPA and NEAT. Brain reward centers are involved in both types of physical activities and eating behaviours, likely leading to complex interactions. Moreover, voluntary exercise and, possibly, eating can be addictive. A growing body of research considers the relationships between personality traits and physical activity, appetite, obesity and other aspects of physical and mental health. Future studies should explore the neurobiology, endocrinology and genetics of physical activity and sedentary behaviour by examining key brain areas, neurotransmitters and hormones involved in motivation, reward and/or the regulation of energy balance.

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“…Dietrich's transient hypofrontality hypothesis (2005) states that function of specific areas of the brain, namely the prefrontal cortex, can be altered with physiological stresses, like exercise, whereas other areas of the brain may not be altered. Dietrich & Sparling (2004) compared non-exercising control subjects with exercising subjects and showed exercising subjects had cognitive impairment in working memory and association tasks whereas intelligence based tasks were unaffected. Our results are contrary since we found facilitation of cognition in working memory tests; however, our study differs in that we compare a subject's cognitive performance to their own pre-exercise (baseline) values.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of exercise and two pre-exercise fluid amounts on cognition

Backes¹,

Horvath²,

Kazial³

2015

jhse

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Backes, T., Horvath, P.J., & Kazial, K. (2015). Effects of the exercise in the cerebral blood flow and metabolism. J. Hum. Sport Exerc., 10(2), pp.615-622. Exercise is associated with elevated mood states and arousal. Observational studies support the claim that exercise can help individuals think more "clearly' with reports of improved mood and feelings of psychological well-being following exercise. However, laboratory studies have produced equivocal results. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of exercise intensity and two likely pre-exercise fluid amounts consumed by euhydrated athletes on cognitive performance. Fifteen college age students were randomly assigned to either a 150 ml or a 500 ml fluid condition on the first test day and received the other fluid condition on the second test day. Prior to exercise subjects completed baseline computerized cognitive tests then began a treadmill protocol of three 6 min stages at increasing intensity after which subjects completed cognitive tests. A second treadmill portion started at 7.5 mph for 2 min then speed was increased 0.5 mph every 30 s until voluntary exhaustion and final cognitive testing was completed. Our results demonstrate a facilitation of cognitive function in response to exercise with the exception of the match to sample cognitive test which showed lack of facilitation of cognition in the 500 ml condition at moderate exercise. Our research contributes to the growing field of exercise and its effects on cognition. Specifically working memory cognitive tests showed facilitation with exercise. These results may be applicable to a typical exercising population since our study included a common exercise mode (treadmill) at moderate and high intensities and likely fluid amounts.

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Endurance exercise selectively impairs prefrontal-dependent cognition

Cited by 168 publications

References 28 publications

Physical and mental effort disrupts the implicit sense of agency

Physical and mental effort disrupts the implicit sense of agency

The biological control of voluntary exercise, spontaneous physical activity and daily energy expenditure in relation to obesity: human and rodent perspectives

The effects of exercise and two pre-exercise fluid amounts on cognition

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