Endozoochory of the same community of plants lacking fleshy fruits by storks and gulls

Martín‐Vélez, Víctor; Lovas‐Kiss, Ádám; Sánchez, Marta I.; Green, Andy J.

doi:10.1111/jvs.12967

Cited by 22 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 63 publications

(84 reference statements)

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“…Similarly, Dauer et al (2006) estimated the wind dispersal distances of the horseweed Conyza canadensis (present in our study area; Martín-Vélez et al, 2021) as between 30 and 100 m. Cyperus difformis has been assigned to a barochory syndrome, and our other study weeds to an epizoochory syndrome (Table S1; Julve, 1998). Epizoochory by waterbirds is much rarer than endozoochory (Green et al, 2016).…”

Section: Importance Of Avian Vectors For Weedsmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…All plant species used in this study were NFF weeds previously recorded in L. fuscus excreta from the ricefields (Lovas‐Kiss, Sánchez, et al., 2018; Martín‐Vélez et al., 2021). The probability of weed establishment depends on the suitability of the microhabitat where the seed is deposited, and germinability.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Around 20% of seeds from L . fuscus excreta collected in ricefields later germinated in the laboratory, although germinability was reduced by the delay between sample collection and germination tests (Lovas‐Kiss, Sánchez, et al., 2018; Martín‐Vélez et al., 2021). The number of seeds dispersed in our models is less than the number expected during a single day in the ricefields, given the numbers of gulls present and their rates of seed egestion (see Section 2).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During the harvest, L . fuscus feed mainly on alien red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii exposed as the rice is harvested, and they disperse seeds carried on the outside of the crayfish, or ingested while feeding on rice grains (Lovas‐Kiss, Sánchez, et al., 2018; Martín‐Vélez et al., 2021). Gulls concentrate their feeding during the day on fields where harvesting or disking is underway, later moving to dykes and other roosting sites.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…gulls) feed during harvesting. The lesser black‐backed gull Larus fuscus has been increasing in the ricefields (Rendón et al., 2008) and it is known to disperse at least 15 different plants while feeding there (Lovas‐Kiss, Sánchez, et al., 2018; Martín‐Velez et al., 2021; Table ). Furthermore, recent movement studies showed the importance of the ricefields for L. fuscus during the non‐breeding season (Martín‐Vélez et al., 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spatial patterns of weed dispersal by wintering gulls within and beyond an agricultural landscape

et al. 2021

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1. Non-frugivorous waterbirds disperse a wide variety of plants by endozoochory, providing longer-dispersal distances than other mechanisms. Many waterbirds visit both agricultural and natural landscapes during their daily movements, but potential bird-mediated dispersal of weed plants within and from agricultural landscapes to other habitats is commonly overlooked. Gulls (Laridae) are expanding in numbers and increasingly exploiting anthropogenic habitats worldwide, with possible growing implications for the spread of weeds. Yet, to date, there are no studies on the spatial distribution of weed dispersal by waterbirds. 2. We developed a plant dispersal model based on movements of 19 Larus fuscus using ricefields, via GPS telemetry. We combined daily movements with two curves estimating the retention times of plant seeds in their guts: (a) an experimental curve based on retention time in captivity for four weeds with dry fruits known to be dispersed by gulls: Juncus bufonius, Cyperus difformis, Polypogon monspeliensis and the alien Amaranthus retroflexus; (b) a theoretical curve based on the interspecific scaling relationship between body mass and mean retention time. 3. Median dispersal distances of weed plant seeds by gulls ranged between 690 and 940 m, but maximum distances exceeded 150 km. The theoretical retention time model showed higher median dispersal distances than the experimental retention time model. Spatial patterns of weed deposition were very similar between retention time methods, and most strongly depended on gull movements. Variation between individual gulls had little influence on seed shadows. About 92% of all seeds (>10,000 intact seeds per day) were dispersed within the ricefield area of 370 km 2. The remaining 8% of seeds were deposited beyond ricefields into other habitats, 42% of which reached moist environments (other irrigated agriculture, rivers and natural wetlands) presumably suitable for weed establishment.

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Section: Importance Of Avian Vectors For Weedsmentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spatial patterns of weed dispersal by wintering gulls within and beyond an agricultural landscape

et al. 2021

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Grading fecal consistency in an omnivorous carnivore, the brown bear: Abandoning the concept of uniform feces

et al. 2021

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Grading the fecal consistency of carnivores is a frequently used tool for monitoring gut health and overall digestion. Several fecal consistency grading systems are available for mainly felids and canids. No such system exists for the brown bear (Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758). We aim at extending current fecal consistency grading systems with a scoring system for brown bears. The system was set up during a diet study with nine individuals fed a variety of diets including beef meat, rabbit, fruit, and grass‐fruit‐pellet mix in an incomplete crossover design. One additional individual was included opportunistically and was fed the typical zoo diet (vegetable‐fruit‐meat‐pellet diet). All feces from the collection period were photographed, graded by “handling the feces” and visually inspected for dietary components. Based on a total of 446 feces, a six‐point scale for uniform fecal consistencies was established. In 11% of all feces, two distinct consistencies could be distinguished, a feature that appears in other carnivore species as well. Hence, an additional grading system for dual consistencies was developed. The fecal consistency of brown bears is heavily dependent on the diet items processed before defecation with the general observation that the more vegetation or whole prey, the firmer the feces, and at certain proportions of the latter, the higher the chance for dual fecal consistencies to occur. The results indicate that in bears, diet may have a strong effect on fecal consistency, hampering animal health assessments without prior knowledge of the diet.

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Dispersal of aquatic invertebrates by lesser black-backed gulls and white storks within and between inland habitats

et al. 2021

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Waterbirds can transport aquatic invertebrates internally, contributing to metapopulation dynamics between aquatic habitats in a terrestrial matrix. However, research into this dispersal process to date has focused on individual field sites or laboratory studies. We investigated the invertebrates dispersed by endozoochory by the lesser black-backed gull Larus fuscus wintering in Andalusia, south-west Spain in 2016–2017, comparing seven sites interconnected by their movements, with different degrees of anthropogenization [three landfills, two saltpan complexes, a natural lake, and a large (370 km2) ricefield area]. In the ricefields, we also compared invertebrates dispersed by gulls with those dispersed by the larger white stork Ciconia ciconia. A total of 642 intact invertebrates and their propagules (mainly plumatellid bryozoans, cladocerans, and other branchiopods) were recorded in excreta (faeces and pellets) from gulls and storks. A greater diversity and abundance of invertebrates were recorded in ricefields, notably 43 individuals of the alien snail Physella acuta. One snail was still alive in a gull pellet 3 weeks after being stored in a fridge. This represents the first record of snail dispersal within waterbird pellets. Viability was also confirmed for the cladoceran Macrothrix rosea recorded in ricefields, and the alien brine shrimp Artemia franciscana recorded mainly in saltpans. In ricefields, gulls and pellets had significantly fewer propagules and fewer taxa per gram of excreta than storks and faeces, respectively. Through their high mobility, gulls and storks can disperse invertebrates between different natural and artificial habitats, and even to landfills. They can promote metapopulation dynamics for native bryozoans and branchiopods, but also the spread of invasive snails and brine shrimp.

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Endozoochory of the same community of plants lacking fleshy fruits by storks and gulls

Cited by 22 publications

References 63 publications

Spatial patterns of weed dispersal by wintering gulls within and beyond an agricultural landscape

Spatial patterns of weed dispersal by wintering gulls within and beyond an agricultural landscape

Grading fecal consistency in an omnivorous carnivore, the brown bear: Abandoning the concept of uniform feces

Dispersal of aquatic invertebrates by lesser black-backed gulls and white storks within and between inland habitats

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