Endovascular Perforation Murine Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Abstract

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a subtype of stroke with disastrous outcomes of high disability and mortality. A variety of endeavors have been developed to explore a SAH animal model for investigation of the disease. Among these models, the endovascular perforation SAH model was considered to be the most simulative to the clinical human SAH because it reproduces several pathophysiology procedures and presents some of the most important post-hemorrhage features. An applicable SAH animal model should have the characteristics of low mortality rate, limited surgical manipulation, and adaptation to many species, which permits reproducibility and standardization. An intensive discussion of how to improve the techniques and refine the procedure has taken place in the last decade. This report describes our experiences with a murine model of SAH. We aim to standardize and optimize the procedures to establish a relatively stable animal model for SAH research.

Integrated analysis of gait parameters and gene expression profiles in a murine model of subarachnoid hemorrhage

“…The endovascular perforation‐induced SAH model that uses our optimized, experimental regime has been shown to introduce clot—consistently and reproducibly—in subarachnoid spaces with a uniform degree of hemorrhage at a reasonable cost 23 . While bleeding volume cannot be controlled, this limitation can be largely overcome through the use of filament marked with heparin immersion with decent postoperative management via a minimally invasive procedure 23 . Despite that a majority of SAH occurs between 40 and 60 of age with a mean age of 55 years, 35 taking into consideration of certain mortality when performing SAH model on aged mice, mice aged 8–12 weeks correlating with human ranging from 20–23 years of age have been routinely used as preclinical animal models to study SAH pathology 36‐38 .…”

“…As an alternative, the endovascular perforation method adopted in this study better models human SAH pathophysiologies like vessel rupture and endothelial damage 34 . The endovascular perforation‐induced SAH model that uses our optimized, experimental regime has been shown to introduce clot—consistently and reproducibly—in subarachnoid spaces with a uniform degree of hemorrhage at a reasonable cost 23 . While bleeding volume cannot be controlled, this limitation can be largely overcome through the use of filament marked with heparin immersion with decent postoperative management via a minimally invasive procedure 23 .…”

“…Adult C57BL/6 male mice were randomly divided into SAH and sham‐operated groups. The sample size was calculated by G*Power (Universität Düsseldorf, Germany) The experimental procedure for establishing a SAH mouse model was executed as previously described 23 . Mice were anesthetized via intraperitoneal injection of a 0.1 ml/10 g mixed solution consisting of 5 mg/ml of ketamine and 2.5 mg/ml of xylazine.…”

Establishment of A Novel Protocol for Assessing the Severity of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Circle Willis Perforation Mouse Model

“…Cisterna Nevertheless, it is crucial to acknowledge the limitations inherent in the cWp model, particularly the considerable variability in post-operative outcomes among individual mice. This heterogeneity poses a challenge in translating ndings to the clinical setting and underlines the importance of re ning and standardizing this model [15][16] [17].…”

Elucidating the progress and impact of ferroptosis in hemorrhagic stroke

“…While the latter can better simulate the pathophysiological changes of patients with cerebral hemorrhage. For SAH, the endovascular perforation model is widely used because it can simulate SAH caused by rupture of aneurysm ( Du et al, 2016 ). These models can cause a large amount of instantaneous hemorrhage in specific regions of the brain, and are valuable experimental models of hemorrhagic stroke in preclinical research.…”