Endotoxin Exposure Assessment in Wood-Processing Industry: Airborne Versus Settled Dust Levels

Pipinić, Ivana Sabolić; Varnai, Veda Marija; Lučić, Ružica Beljo; Čavlović, Anka Ozana; Prester, Ljerka; Orct, Tatjana; Macan, Jelena

doi:10.2478/10004-1254-61-2010-1996

Cited by 7 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 12 publications

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“…Samplers for the respirable personal aerosol (the sub fraction of the inhaled particles that penetrates into the alveolar region of the lung, having 50% cut-off point at 4 µm) were used in four studies [32][33][34][35] . The last two 34,35) specify that samplers were based on the cyclone, which separates respirable dust particles on a filter for analysis while larger particles fall into the grid pot and are discarded (Fig.…”

Section: Collection Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indoor Exposure to Airborne Endotoxin: A Review of the Literature on Sampling and Analysis Methods

et al. 2013

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Assessment of exposure to airborne endotoxins has been studied for several years, especially in occupational environments, but a large number of procedures are used for sampling and analysis. This lack of standardization makes it very difficult to compare results and set internationally accepted threshold limit values (TLVs) or occupational exposure limits (OELs) for endotoxin exposure. This paper reviews the methods reported, using advanced bibliographical search techniques: 82 papers published from 2004 to the present were selected to analyze methods for the assessment of human exposure to airborne endotoxins, with particular reference to occupational settings, and to examine their performance and critical points. Only few studies have focused on the standardization of sampling and analysis methods. The European Committee for Standardization Guidelines coincide with the procedures most frequently applied, but this does not guarantee the best results in terms of recovery and reproducibility. The factor that mainly affects endotoxin measurements is the extraction method, the main concern being the presence in the samples of a fraction insoluble in aqueous media. If substantial differences in the proportions of this fraction in different environments are confirmed in the future, the contribution of insoluble endotoxins cannot be neglected.

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Section: Collection Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indoor Exposure to Airborne Endotoxin: A Review of the Literature on Sampling and Analysis Methods

et al. 2013

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Timber-colonizing gram-negative bacteria as potential causative agents of respiratory diseases in woodworkers

Wójcik-Fatla

Maćkiewicz

Sawczyn-Domańska

et al. 2022

Int Arch Occup Environ Health

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Occurrence Gram-negative bacteria occur commonly in the inner tissues of stored coniferous and deciduous timber, showing a marked variation in numbers. The greatest maximal numbers are found in the sapwood of coniferous timber. The common constituents of the Gram-negative biota are potentially pathogenic species of Enterobacteriaceae family of the genera Rahnella, Pantoea, Enterobacter, and Klebsiella. The air of wood-processing facilities is polluted with the wood-borne Gram-negative bacteria and produced by them endotoxin, as demonstrated worldwide by numerous studies. Effects There are three potential pathways of the pathogenic impact of wood-borne Gram-negative bacteria on exposed woodworkers: allergic, immunotoxic, and infectious. Allergic impact has been underestimated for a long time with relation to Gram-negative bacteria. Hopefully, the recent demonstration of the first documented case of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) in woodworkers caused by Pantoea agglomerans which developed in extremely large quantities in birch sapwood, would speed up finding of new wood-related cases of HP caused by Gram-negative bacteria. The second pathway is associated with endotoxin, exerting strong immunotoxic (excessively immunostimulative) action. It has been demonstrated that endotoxin is released into wood dust in the form of nano-sized microvesicles, by peeling off the outer membrane of bacteria. Endotoxin microvesicles are easily inhaled by humans together with dust because of small dimensions and aerodynamic shape. Afterwards, they cause a nonspecific activation of lung macrophages, which release numerous inflammatory mediators causing an inflammatory lung reaction, chest tightness, fever, gas exchange disorders, and bronchospasm, without radiographic changes. The resulting disease is known as “Organic Dust Toxic Syndrome” or “toxic pneumonitis.” The potential third pathway of pathogenic impact is infection. The suspected species is Klebsiella pneumoniae that may occur commonly in wood dust; however, until now this pathway has not been confirmed. Conclusion Summarizing, Gram-negative bacteria-inhabiting timber should be considered, besides filamentous fungi and actinobacteria, as important risk factors of occupational disease in woodworkers that could be either HP with allergenic background or toxic pneumonitis elicited by endotoxin.

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Bioactive and total endotoxins in atmospheric aerosols in the Pearl River Delta region, China

Cheng

Hui

Lau

2012

Atmospheric Environment

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Endotoxin Exposure Assessment in Wood-Processing Industry: Airborne Versus Settled Dust Levels

Cited by 7 publications

References 12 publications

Indoor Exposure to Airborne Endotoxin: A Review of the Literature on Sampling and Analysis Methods

Indoor Exposure to Airborne Endotoxin: A Review of the Literature on Sampling and Analysis Methods

Timber-colonizing gram-negative bacteria as potential causative agents of respiratory diseases in woodworkers

Bioactive and total endotoxins in atmospheric aerosols in the Pearl River Delta region, China

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