Endothelialization of implanted cardiovascular biomaterial surfaces: The development from in vitro to in vivo

Abstract

Restenosis and thrombosis formation after cardiovascular devices implantation continue to be problematic. Although various platforms and parameters of cardiovascular devices have been designed and optimized over the years, postoperative complications are hard to avoid. The native vascular endothelium always provide a nonthrombogenic surface as well as prevent intimal overproliferation, thereby, the presence of a confluent endothelial cell layer on material surfaces have been widely accepted as an ideal approach to improve the biocompatibility of implanted cardiovascular materials. Endothelialization on biomaterial surfaces is initially developed by in vitro cell seeding. However, numerous no-perfect parts of this method are existed for clinical use. The emergency of endothelial progenitor cells may provide a promising way for setting these limitations. Over the last decades, countless researches about EPCs-based in vivo induced self-endothelialization have been reported and mainly focused on cellular therapy, pharmacological therapy, materials designing, or surface biofunctional modification. This review details the development of endothelialization on cardiovascular material surfaces from in vitro to in vivo. Endothelialization progress on the basis of molecular biological level and bioinformatics theory is expected to be the key point in the coming decades.

Effect of low voltage AC fields on cardiovascular implants

“…Understanding that electric fields influence cell behaviour can potentially be incorporated into current research on cardiovascular biomaterial surfaces [23,24]. Recent studies have focused on coating the substrate surfaces using molecules prevalent in the Extra Cellular Matrix (ECM) such as Fibronectins, Laminin and Collagen [23].…”

“…Recent studies have focused on coating the substrate surfaces using molecules prevalent in the Extra Cellular Matrix (ECM) such as Fibronectins, Laminin and Collagen [23]. These are molecules that promote Endothelial Cell proliferation; therefore coating the substrate evenly is vital.…”

Heparin/poly‐l‐lysine nanoplatform with growth factor delivery for surface modification of cardiovascular stents: The influence of vascular endothelial growth factor loading

“…Since the endothelial cells (ECs) play a crucial role in vascular repair, rapid endothelialization of the stents surface has been widely recognized as the primary solution to the aforementioned problems. Instead of drug therapy, surface biofunctional modifications have been used to accelerate endothelialization (Liu, Liu, Zhang, Chen, & Huang, ).…”

Peptide with endothelial cell affinity and antiplatelet adhesion property to improve hemocompatibility of blood‐contacting biomaterials

“…[13] These treatments eliminate fluorine from the polymer backbone and allow further reactions and immobilize biomolecules. [14] Although some of these ePTFE surface modifications have improved endothelial cell (EC) adhesion compared to unmodified ePTFE, [15][16][17] their use has been restricted to nonclinical studies.…”