Endothelial microvesicles in hypoxic hypoxia diseases

Abstract

Hypoxic hypoxia, including abnormally low partial pressure of inhaled oxygen, external respiratory dysfunction‐induced respiratory hypoxia and venous blood flow into the arterial blood, is characterized by decreased arterial oxygen partial pressure, resulting in tissue oxygen deficiency. The specific characteristics include reduced arterial oxygen partial pressure and oxygen content. Hypoxic hypoxia diseases (HHDs) have attracted increased attention due to their high morbidity and mortality and mounting evidence showing that hypoxia‐induced oxidative stress, coagulation, inflammation and angiogenesis play extremely important roles in the physiological and pathological processes of HHDs‐related vascular endothelial injury. Interestingly, endothelial microvesicles (EMVs), which can be induced by hypoxia, hypoxia‐induced oxidative stress, coagulation and inflammation in HHDs, have emerged as key mediators of intercellular communication and cellular functions. EMVs shed from activated or apoptotic endothelial cells (ECs) reflect the degree of ECs damage, and elevated EMVs levels are present in several HHDs, including obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Furthermore, EMVs have procoagulant, proinflammatory and angiogenic functions that affect the pathological processes of HHDs. This review summarizes the emerging roles of EMVs in the diagnosis, staging, treatment and clinical prognosis of HHDs.

Bilberry Supplementation after Myocardial Infarction Decreases Microvesicles in Blood and Affects Endothelial Vesiculation

“…[45] Furthermore, reduced endothelial activation decreases membrane blebbing and, as a consequence, vesiculation. [21] Our results demonstrate a potent clinical effect of BE supplementation on plasma MV levels in MI patients. As MVs are directly connected to pathological processes [13] and increased levels of MVs in plasma are associated with atherosclerosisrelated pathologies, [12,[14][15][16][17] the data presented here points at the preventive role of bilberries in CVD.…”

“…[21] Both platelet-derived MV (PMV) and EMV blebbing from the cells is triggered by procoagulant and proinflammatory conditions. [21,22] The blebbing process is complex and involves numerous intracellular and membrane-bound proteins. As MVs originate directly from plasma membranes, membrane-bound receptors and phospholipids from the cell are retained on the surface.…”

Plasma endothelial microvesicles and their carrying miRNA‐155 serve as biomarkers for ischemic stroke

“…Patients with IS are characterized by various degree of EC damage and vascular inflammation (Roquer et al, 2009). EMVs have been demonstrated as a marker of EC function (Deng et al, 2018).…”

Peripheral Nerve Function Changes Due to Hypoxia in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

“…The episodic upper airway obstruction in patients with OSA results in hypoxia and hypercapnia. Hypoxia causes oxidative stress, sympathetic activation, metabolic dysfunction, systemic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and arterial disease together with pathological changes in morphology (2,18,19). Electrophysiological abnormalities are reported in approximately 95% of subjects with COPD associated with hypoxia (4,5).…”